Tourism at Kanha National park

There are four tourism zones in which one can do safaris in Kanha, namely, Mukki zone, Kisli zone, Sarhi zone, and Kanha zone. While the first three are regular zones, the later, i.e. Kanha zone is termed as premium zone by the Forest department. Entry ticket to the premium zone is higher by 50% over other zones. There is a specific reason why Kanha zone was termed as the premium zone. Till about 4 years back the Tiger sightings in the Kanha zone, specially in the meadows was very good. But ever since the Tiger shows stopped, and the drivers were compelled to track Tigers the Tiger sightings improved in other zones as well. 


Entry Gates at Kanha 

There are three gates from where Kanha  tiger safari tour  at Kanha National Park starts. One is the Mukki gate, and it is best suited if you have booked the safaris in the Mukki zone. Second is the Khatia gate, it is best suited if you have booked your safaris in Kisli and Kanha zone. From this gate you can also enter the Sarhi zone. The third gate is Sarhi gate, from here you can enter Sarhi zone, Kisli and Kanha zone as well. There are good number of resorts of different budgets located near Mukki and Khatia gate. Sarhi gate still does not have good resorts yet.


Top recommended Tiger Safari  tour packages are:

• Kanha Tiger Safari Tour
• Taj, Tiger and Leopard Tour
  

Skorpiovenator ("scorpion hunter") is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Turonian) Huincul Formation of Argentina. It is one of the most complete and informative abelisaurids yet known, with the excavated skeleton of the holotype (MMCH-Pv 48K) preserving everything except parts of the front arms and some of the tail. As preserved, it measures 4.35 meters from the premaxilla to the 12th caudal vertebra, with estimates of the total length varying from 6 to 7.5 meters depending on the tail length. A 2016 estimate by Gregory S. Paul suggests 1670 kg for the holotype specimen, and therefore Skorpiovenator was a medium sized animal by abelisaurid standards.
Skorpiovenator's skull was short, stout and covered in the ridges, furrows, tubercles and bumpy nodules that are scattered over the heads of most abelisaurid theropods. It is shorter and deeper than the skulls of Abelisaurus and Majungasaurus. Notably, the maxilla and lacrimal of Skorpiovenator are wider than in the corresponding bones of the remaining abelisaurids, and it has more teeth than any other known abelisaurid. It had short, stubby, and useless arms, but strong legs with powerful thighs and sturdy shins over which its large body was balanced.
Hailing from the Huincul Formation, some of the dinosaurs Skorpiovenator would have coexisted with were giant carcharodontosaurids (Giganotosaurus roseae and an unnamed genus), giant titanosaurs (Argentinosaurus), other abelisauroids (Tralkasaurus, Ilokelesia, and possibly Gualicho), and basal tyrannosauroids (possibly Gualicho and Aoniraptor).

The Yungas (Aymara yunka warm or temperate Andes or earth, Quechua yunka warm area on the slopes of the Andes) is a narrow band of forest along the eastern slope of the Andes Mountains from Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina. It is a transitional zone between the Andean highlands and the eastern forests. Like the surrounding areas, the Yungas belong to the Neotropical realm; the climate is rainy, humid, and warm.

The World Wide Fund for Nature has delineated three yungas ecoregions along the eastern side of the Andes:

• The northernmost is the Peruvian Yungas, located entirely within Peru and stretching nearly the whole length of the country.
• The Bolivian Yungas lies to the south, mostly in Bolivia. The Inambari River marks the boundary between the Peruvian Yungas and Bolivian Yungas since the yungas north and south of the river have distinct ecological differences.
  

• The Southern Andean Yungas begins in southern Bolivia and continues to the north of Argentina. It is a humid forest region between the drier Gran Chaco region to the east and the dry, high altitude Puna region to the west.
  

Yungas are transitional zones between the Andean highlands and the eastern forests. The yungas forests are extremely diverse, ranging from moist lowland forest to evergreen montane forest and cloud forests. The terrain is extremely rugged and varied, contributing to the ecological diversity and richness. A complex mosaic of habitats occur with changing latitude as well as elevation. There are high levels of biodiversity and species endemism throughout the yungas regions. Many of the forests are evergreen, and the South Andean Yungas contains what may be the last evergreen forests resulting from Quaternary glaciations.

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Landscape and Fauna:



By Mariano Mantel



By dupretfx




By Red Yaguarete

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The Jaguar in Yungas:

Baritú National Park, Argentina










Red Yaguarete

Historically, the Mata Atlântica made up over a 1.2 million square kilometers (about a quarter of the size of the Amazon), but after centuries of deforestation for timber, sugar cane, coffee, cattle ranching, and urban sprawl the Mata Atlântica has declined by well over 90 percent: today less than 100,000 square kilometers of the forest remains.

Although nearly adjacent to the Amazon rainforest, the Mata Atlântica has always been isolated from its larger and more famous neighbor. It is, in fact, more ancient than the Amazon. Being cut off from other tropical forests has allowed the Mata Atlântica to evolve unique ecosystems, which harbor a large number of species found no-where else on Earth.

While most of the Mata Atlântica lines the eastern coast of Brazil, the forest complex also extends to three other countries Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina.
The Mata Atlântica is present in 13 of Brazil's 26 states, spreading into the interior from fifty to several hundred kilometers and rising as high as 2,000 meters. It spreads far into eastern Paraguay, covers apart of northeastern Argentina, and just touches the Uruguay coast.  Two of the world's largest cities, Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, were both built over the Mata Atlântica. Increased urban and rural sprawl has cut into remaining pockets of forest.

Despite so little forest surviving, the Mata Atlântica remains remarkably rich in biodiversity and endemic species, many of them threatened with extinction.
In terms of flora researchers have cataloged over 23,000 plants, 40 percent of which are endemic to the Mata Atlântica. The area is especially rich in unique tree species—about half of which are endemic. A survey of a single hectare in Bahia found 450 tree species.

Regarding fauna, scientists have recorded 264 mammal species, nearly 1,000 birds, 456 amphibians, over 300 reptiles, and 350 freshwater fish. In all, 31 percent of these are found no-where else. Some taxa have higher endemism than others: for example, 61 percent (282 species) of the Mata Atlântica's amphibians are only found there. Mangabay

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Landscape and Fauna



Ricardo Toledo



A. Hartung




By Rosa Gamboias



Thelmå Gatuzźo

*This image is copyright of its original author

Vero Quiroga

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The Jaguar in the Atlantic Forest, by De Mello et al.

Jaguars Panthera onca are Critically Endangered (A4 b c d; C2 a i) in the Atlantic Forest because a population reduction of 50-90% was estimated in the past 10-15 years in the largest subpopulations of jaguars at the Upper Paraná and is suspected at the Coastal Atlantic Forest. The causes of reduction have not ceased since there is a continuous decrease in the Extent of Occurrence EOO, Area of Occupancy AOO and habitat quality, plus retaliatory and sport killing. The total number of mature individuals is less than 250 and the number of mature individuals is less than 50 in almost all subpopulations. 

The most serious threats to jaguars in the Atlantic Forest are habitat loss and degradation, loss of prey base and jaguar hunting. Legal protection has been ineffective in stopping Atlantic Forest deforestation and most protected areas have human settlements, causing direct habitat loss, habitat degradation and loss of prey base; other forms of habitat degradation are caused by illegal palm Euterpe edulis harvesters and poachers, as well as through natural and criminal fires that occur throughout the Atlantic Forest. 

Conservation measures most needed are the legal and effective protection of all the remaining large fragments of the Atlantic Forest through new restrictive Conservation Units, restoration of connectivity between the extant protected areas with known jaguar populations, effective protection of the extant Conservation Units in the form of intensive patrolling and an increase in ecological and genetic research to allow population management, which may be a necessity in some areas.

Iguazú National Park, Argentina - Brazil




Proyecto Yaguarete



Red Yaguarete

Puerto Peninsula National Park, Argentina



Red Yaguarete

Urugua-í Provincial Park, Argentina


Red Yaguarete

This is my video project "What is it like to be a wolf?". Enjoy watching! 

On the issues of little-known carnivores in different regions
posted by Tomasz Q. Pietrzak, @thomasquatl. publised by Gabinet of Natural History Inquiries.
 
 Enigmatic worlds are covered by many unidentified populations. Main question is on which way study of these groups? We call them unclear or abstruse populations. These gathered groups of animals that are populations of known or unknown species importantly ecologically as well as evolutionary recognized as distinct between themselves. Species consist of the populations. Isolated populations are the units validly evolutionary and ecologically important from the point of view of species conservation. Populations are therefore first in hierarchical way when it comes to the concept of taxonomy and ecology at the same way. These are a set of specimens from one population covered different niche within species complex. Some populations are so isolated (including anatomically and physiologically) and occupied different niches that are impossible to classify them to described species. There are then collected into a new taxon, subspecies or species. For a long time weight species was not known by researchers. In the last century fieldians discovered many peculiar or giant species, as if in spite of opposition claims that the world of zoology has been studied extensively.
 
 Carnivores are diverse group of mammals inhabiting all available environments. They are present in various areas. Carnivores are mainly active at dawn and dusk. Many species are gathered in isolated or endemic populations. Marbled polecat Mustela vormelosa is restricted to steppe areas of eastern Europe and central Asia as far as central China. This mustelid inhabit also Near East. In 1991 was confirmed in Saudi Arabia. In late of 90' it was recorded from Egypt, broader its distribution more to southward. It was confirmed from two localities in Sinai Peninsula. Hence, marbled polecat specimens origin in desert and semi-desert habitat. But how far reaches range of this elusive carnivore? Is there any populations into deep terrestrial areas like risky Afghan mountainous steppes or more far into Iranian wilderness? Answer hasn't been resolved. There are likewise appearance difference between individuals within populations. Morphological and caryological investigations was conducted in eastern Turkey, study was compared to those in western part of Turkey and confirm morphological differences. Number of functional chromosomes was higher in eastern Turkey population than its western counterparts. Thus, it is possible that marbled polecat show high population differences within its range, especially far in fields of species range. None data is provided from Macedonia or Albania. In eastern Europe, it is restricted nowadays to eastern Ukraine, Russian steppes and northern Caucasus. There are never records from Moldova. It is decreasing throughout European steppes due to habitat lost.
 
 Only few studies was carried out on carnivores living in Macedonian and Herzegovina landscapes. Lesser carvnivores or those medium-sized are virtualy unknown. Cryptic diversity could be present. There was records of dark-tawny fur European mink (norka) Mustela l. transsylvanica in Carpathians valleys. Lacks of carnivore data is from Moldovan forests and open areas where investigation is needed in all of issue. legendary mutations of animals was reported over there in middle ages prior to nowadays. Folklore and hunter reviews provided records of strange animals from known genres. Oddies specimens are in the fact belonging to well-known foxes, weasels and feral cats. But there are cryptic populations over there as units different evolutionary. lacks of detailed studies on their phylogenetic, ecological requirements and assessment of conflict-with-human level, especially for those smaller species. Mustelid and foxes populations was studies under energetic budgets and diet analysis, but there are mysterious records of rare mutants over there in central Europe lands, namely in polish or slovakian lands. Elusive populations was little studied. In other regions occur the same situation.
 
 Far Yakutian ecoregion is inhabit by populations of rosomak or wolverine Gulo gulo very large ones. Wolverine forms are very diverse groups living in many isolated populations. Some of the populations are very interesting. In ancient times their western range exceed tundra region of northeastern Poland and Latvia. Rosomak was extirpated from southern european distribution, but was recorded in 1986 in northern baltic landscapes of Estonia. Fragmented populations remain unclear throughout distribution range with no clear genetically relationship. There are smaller rosomaks and very large ones. Sobol Martes zibellina was extirpated from their vast ranges from many times. No recent survey was conducted for survey fragmented populations in European part of former species range. There was somewhere reports of marten-like animals that could be soból. In mountains of Tajikistan there are other enigmatic species including cyjon or red wild dog Cuon alpinus that was not yet studied. Other in Uyghur region of western China mammalogy is relatively weak developed. Carnivores and other mammals occurred over there are little understood.
 
 Turkmeni landscapes are inhabited by enigmatic populations of carnivores. There are strange turkmeni ratel Mellivora capensis buechneri, larger than counterparts living elsewhere out. The skull size is much more builder than other ratels. Its pelage is more different. Many legends are about this very dark bad fama species. There are records of some unidentified aggressive animals in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan or Caucasus. The old ones specimens could be aggressive and attacked livestock. There are local names for those senile animals. Asian badgers Meles leucurus are different large mustelid. There are a few subspecies in Central Asia. Kazakh badger Meles l. arenarius is medium size animal occurred in Southeastern Volga, mosty of Kazakhstan and it is little investigated in those regions. Some skin variants are occurred. Amur badger Meles l. amurensis is distinctive populations with darkest colour and it is quite small. Facial stripes are greyish. Stripes on head are almost invisibles. Species can be found within high elevation areas up to 4,000 metres. There are records of species in Ural Mountains and Tien Shan where exist different population. Many populations of species are divergent and living with isolations by many times in forgotten unstudied areas.
 
 Jungle cat Felis chaus also known as chaus, is mystery species with no certainly known population variability. That cat is enigmatic and jaunty night carnivore, phantom animal with uncertainly behavior. Actually some cryptic cats of central Asia, are explained to be a desert chaus. Northern chaus has more darker neck than their southern counterparts. In Azerbaijan  population is impure with some cryptic groups possess different morphological traits, activity and select quite different habitats. Although it is close relative of domestic cats, it is believed to be most diversed of all Felis species and one of the least known outside of India. In Egypt or Iraq it prefers swampy reeds, while elsewhere like India it occur in woodland and open plains. There are correlatives between body size of jungle cats in one and second side of species distribution. Chaus from western range in Israel and Egypt is almost half time larger then indian cousin. Central asian chaus cats are believed to be more distinct than other jungle cats. Caracals Caracal caracal are recorded from southern verge of Armenia. There are believed to be different than others caracals living in central Asia. Caucasus is peculiar region inhabits by different populations. There are small carnivores or brown bears quite distinct than other populations occurred elsewhere. there are a few isolated ecologically units of caracals and other cats.
 
 Some species occurs in Southeast Asia in low densities e.g. mampalon Cynogale bennettii, small carnivore of civet family. This mammal prefer riverbanks areas. It is nocturnal mammal with good ability to climbing. Otter civet is quite well adapt to life in water. Population declining significantly during last three generations. This species show low detection frequency, but there is not well known if it is due to sampling or protocol-biased errors. Once, there are some records from Yunnan. It is believed that these strange records is assigned to another species non yet confirmed in the wild and believed to be Cynogale lowei. Very little known is about Yunnan cynogale. Perhaps it is exaggeration, but hypothetical forms is not believed to live more northward in such small abundance, that in such way it had been couldn’t identified up to now. The ranges of these species was separated by insulating factors, that today are of unknown origin. There is no certainly that other relatives with very long whiskers are in the mountains of western China and Burma or on the border with northern Junnan and there are mampalons in mountain’s valleys areas on the border of China's deserts. Were found, some unidentified cases of predatory mammals in chinese supermarkets. Some of these unidentified animals ever, and some certainly was a species unknown to science. There are records of plenty of mustelids in western China in regions rich with mountains and valleys, inculidng mountain weasel or southern Sable. Southern Sables and with are distinct population believed to be needed to morphometric analysis. In China there are mystery variants of red pandas, bigger than Ailurus fulgens, but could be melanistic versions of this species. Unrecognized carnivores are reported from western and northwestern chinese border with Kazakhstan and Russia. No yet survey was conducted on specific carnivore species and environmental analysis.
 
 Carnivores of African continent, especially occurred in unsual regions of western or sahelian lands are forgotten animals by time. Striped hyena Hyaena hyaena is absent from central Sahara, but remain almost unknown over there, where its fragmented populations remain in such areas as in Mali or north Sudan. Striped hyena is widely distributed across North and Africa reaching as far as southern Asia. Populations persist as far as central Asia and Caucasus. Recent reports are Some studies conducted by spotlighting, baiting stations, interviews and daytime transect for droppings and track collections and can will provide data on uncommon populations. It is not believed striped hyenas or unrecognized counterparts live in the saharan clans are known for something other than striped hyenas in the south. Libyan zorilla Ictonyx libicus occurred in dry and open areas in north Africa out of central Sahara in Sahel region and northern coastal Africa. Species posses distinct facial markings. It is sometimes selected to its own genus. It occur in such regions as central Chad and Sudan, southern Niger in northern Algeria and western Africa. Common polecat Ictonyx striatus is also present in region and is sometimes confused with sister taxa. Species consist of many isolated populations occurred in remote habitats. Little is known about species lineage complex. There are no records of color mutations, but overall it is present in different regions.  Many populations were never recorded yet including those believed to be cryptic forms. Genetic survey can't be carried out yet. Species is under category "insufficient data". There are also records of other carnivores in north-of-equatorial Africa, including populations or species not yet described.
 
 Most in regions side-striped jackal Canis adustus occupied habitat niche not covered by other jackals. Side-striped jackal is open-woodland dweller, active mainly under at night cover. This canid inhabit primary south-central, central and west Africa in most humid wooded and luxuriantly overgrown savannahs. In the these remaining areas they can dominate smaller carnivores living in ecotones. Side-striped jackals and other central African carnivores, especially smaller ones living in Ubangi-Shari are still enigmatic species, especially in areas unstudied by biologists. Many populations are hide by disturbed regions. There are bad time for study over there. In much of its range there are no species-specific data on the populations. Although it is believed to be vary in size and body structure. There are no known differences between populations of southern and western Africa. Side-striped jackal and Haussa Genet Genetta thierryi was no comprehensive before studied in western african savannah. It is possible that jackals or genets of Burkina Faso and togolese are larger and more colorful than their counterparts of eastern parts of Africa. But where is origin place of side-striped jackal and those rare genets species where spread from?
 
 High diversity of Venezuelan carnivores was little studied. Venezuelan population of eastern mountain coati Nasuella meridensis is mysterious species. In Venezuela it exceed eastern distribution range. its populations are elusive and this animal was not recorded from many places where it truly exist because of low detection probability. Species has markedly smaller size and more brownish pelage than related western coatis. They poses usually a dark mid-dorsal strip. It is believed to be the least studied of carnivore worldwide and live in mostly uncharted regions of Venezuelan and Surinam mountainous areas. Many unrecorded animals are reported to be similar to that creature. Guyanian and surinamese forests are inhabits by many rare carnivore populations including greater grison Galictis vittata populations. This animal is usually seen along rivers and streams. It is terrestial and nocturnal. In northeast South America it lives in continuous range. Althought, there are animals resembling grisons that are separate populations. Tayra Eira barbara poliocephala is other mustelid species living in the region. This is little known animal elsewhere, as well. There are possible cryptic species complex in this genus. There are records of white and black tayras. The crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus is slender-body raccoon living in tropical forest. Population living over there is almost unknown without morphological and genetic survey.  Many unidentified guyanian animals was recorded by zoologists in former centuries.
 
 These claims should have findings documented. Zoology in nowadays is connected with ecology and conservation of many species of animals, which was posted here. One of the main tasks is to understand the current distribution patterns of a variety of rare species and basal zoological investigations of peculiar specimens is needed. Just it any wonder, but there are also poorly known species which, in the opinion of the public is believed to be common. These include animals from different groups of vertebrates. In various countries, forgotten mammals have not been studied in the field of taxonomy and ecology. It seems to me that this can be changed, and nowadays that such knowledge was also useful and applied.
 
 
selected literature:
-Baryshnikov C.F. 2000. A new subspecies of the honey badger Mellivora capensis from central Asia. Acta theriologica 45: 45-55.
 -Kunin W. E. and Gaston, K. J., eds 1997. The biology of rarity: causes and consequences of rare-common differences. Chapman and Hall.
 -Nader I. 1991. First record of the marbled polecat Vormela peregusna (Gueldenstaedt, 1770) for Saudi Arabia (Mammalia: Carnivora: Mustelidae). Fauna of Saudi Arabia 12: 416–419.
 -First Record of Procyon cancrivorus (G. Cuvier, 1798) (Carnivora, Procyonidae) in Stratigraphic Context in the Late Pleistocene of Brazil.
 Engstrom M.D. and B.K. Lim. 2000. Checklist of the mammals of Guyana. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 22 pp.
 -Mukherjee S., Groves C. 2007. Geographic variation in jungle cat (Felis chaus Schreber, 1777) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae), Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 92: 163–172.
 -Aulagnier S., P. Haffner, A. J. Mitchell-Jones, F. Moutou & J. Zima. 2009. Mammals of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, A&C Black, Llundain.
 -Veron G., Gaubert, P., Franklin, N., Jennings, A. P. and Grassman Jr., L. I. 2006. A reassessment of the distribution and taxonomy of the Endangered otter civet Cynogale bennettii (Carnivora: Viverridae) of South-east Asia. Oryx 40: 42-49.
 -Hunter L. & Barrett P. 2011. A Field Guide to the Carnivores of the World. New Holland, London. Hardback, colour, 240 pp.
 -Khorozyan I., Malkhasyan A., Murtskhvaladze M. 2011. The striped hyaena Hyaena hyaena (Hyaenidae, Carnivora) rediscovered in Armenia. Folia Zoologica 60: 253-260
 -Sokolov V.Y., and Y.Y. Syroechkovskii. 1990. Reserves of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Mysl’, Moscow, USSR.?
 - Skubak E. 2012. Appointment of perewiaska (Vormela peregusna) in the north of Donetsk region. Novitates Theriologicae 8:34. Proceedings of XIX Terioshkoly (In Ukrainian)
 -Pishchulina S. L., Meschersky I.G., Rozhnov V.V., L.V. Simakin S.N., Kashtanov O.E. Lazebniy. 2011. Comparative estimation of genetic originality of the sable in the East and the West parts of distribution area. VIth European Congress of Mammalogy, Paris
 -Maran T. 2003: European mink: setting of goal for conservation and Estonian case study. Galemys 15: 1–11
 -Happold D.C.D. 1987. The mammals of Nigeria. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 402 pp.
 -Melovski, L. and Godes, C. 2002.Large Carnivores in the "Republic of Macedonia" In: Protected Areas in the Southern Balkans - Legislation, Large Carnivores, Transborder Areas. Arcturos (Psaroudas, S., Ed.) & Hellenic Ministry of the Environment, Physical Planning, and Public Works : 81-93
 -Aristov A. A., G. F. Baryshnikov. 2001. The mammals of Russia and adjacent territories. Carnivores and Pinnipeds. Zoological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, Sant Petersburg, 560 p.
 -Temple H.J., Terry A. 2009. European Mammals: Status, trends and conservation priorities. Folia Zoologica 58: 248-269
- Bickford D., Lohman D.J., Sodhi N.S., Ng P.K., Meier R., Winker K., Ingram K. & Das I. 2007. Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22:148-155.
 -Baker R.J., Bradley R.D., 2006. Speciation in mammals and the genetic species concept. Journal of Mammalogy 87: 643–662
 -Romanowski J. 1995. Reading into lesser known bibliography of rare mustelids (Eastern Europe) - Hystrix 7: 35-38.
 -Ognev, S. 1962. Mammals of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Jerusalem: Published by the National Science Foundation, Washington D.C., by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
 -Sumiński P., Goszczyński J., Romanowski J. 1993. Ssaki drapieżne Europy. PWRiL, Warszawa.(in polish)
 -Bigourdan J., Prunier R. 1937. Les Mammiferes sauvages de l'Ouest Africain et leur milieu. Encyclopédie biologique XXIII, Paul Lechevalier, Paris.
 -B.D. Patterson and R.M. Timm (ed.) 1987. Studies in Neotropical Mammalogy. Essays in honor of Philip Hershkovitz. Fieldiana, Zoology, new series 39.
 - Rigg R. 2004. Slovakia and Poland: different countries, different attitudes. International Bear News 13: 21-23.
 -IUCN assesments on carnivores described in this material. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (eg. Atkinson, R.P.D. & Loveridge, A.J. 2008. Canis adustus. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1.)
 -The Ghost Carnivore of the Andes. http://www.durrell.org/latest/news/the-ghost-carnivore-of-the-andes/

Afrovenator is a genus of carnivorous theropod dinosaur, having been found in 1993 and named by 1994 by paleontologist Paul Sereno. Known to coexist with the ceratosaur Spinostropheus and the primitive sauropod Jobaria, it was originally thought to be from the Early Cretaceous period but re-dating of the rocks where fossils of this species have been found suggest a Middle Jurassic age to be more likely.
The holotype specimen (catalogued as MNN TIG1) preserves most of the skull minus its top (likewise remains of the lower jaws are lacking apart from the prearticular), parts of the spine, partial forelimbs, a partial pelvis, and most of the hind limbs. The generic name comes from the Latin afer, "African", and venator, "hunter", with the species name referring to the region of Niger where the fossil was found. To date, only 1 species (Afrovenator abakensis) is known to have existed.
Recent length and volumetric estimates for the holotype specimen suggest an animal 6.8 meters long and 790 kg in weight, meaning that Afrovenator was medium-sized as Jurassic theropods go. The tibia and fourth metatarsal measure 68.7 and 34.4 cm compared to a femur of 76 cm, which indicates the animal had relatively long lower legs. It was therefore a cursorial animal, plausibly a pursuit predator.
The robustly built skull is estimated at 84 cm long, giving Afrovenator a large head for its size, and the preserved arm material (including a 40 cm humerus as well as a number of hand claws >10 cm long) indicates its arms were large for its size as well.
Although it is a tetanuran theropod, its exact position within that group is less clear. The majority of analyses place it within the Spinosauroidea (or Megalosauroidea), often within the Megalosauridae. However, some analyses have found it to be a member of the Allosauroidea, and even when recovered as a spinosauroid, only a few steps are needed to move it to the allosauroids.

In the past, GuateGojira created a comparison of the size of the tigers.
It includes records measured by scientists and reliable historical records.
According to it, the tiger's total length is up to 315cm, its body length is up to 221cm, its standing height is up to 114cm and its weight up to 272kg

But I think tigers can be grow up to 225cm(in body length)(Mazak, 1983), 115cm high(in standing height)(Baikov, 1925) and weigh up to 320kg.

How much do you think tigers can grow to?

Hello everyone,

I'd like to present my latest video project "What is it like to be a puma?". It is told from the pumas' narrative perspective. Enjoy watching and - if you like it - leave a comment and subscribe to my channel. I post a new video about a different animal every two days. :-)

Here's the video link:   https://youtu.be/fAQMsYG7BGM

Labocania was a species of carnivorous theropod, previously considered a tyrannosauroid or abelisaurid but almost certainly a carcharodontosaurid.
Labocania anomala, the type species, was described and named by Ralph Molnar in 1974. The generic name references the La Bocana Roja locality where it was found, named after la Bocana Roja, "the red estuary". The species name means "anomalous" in Latin, in reference to the distinctive and very robust build.
The holotype (LACM 20877) was found in a layer of the La Bocana Roja Formation, dating from the late Campanian of the late Cretaceous period about 73 million years old. It consists of a very fragmentary skeleton with skull elements, including a right quadrate, a left frontal, a piece of the left maxilla, a fragment of the dentarium, a chevrom, the upper parts of both ischia, the middle shaft of the right pubis, most of the second right metatarsal, a pedal phalanx and several loose teeth. The elements were not articulated, dispersed over a surface of about two square metres, and strongly weathered. The remains were mixed with the ribs of hadrosauroids.
Although it is not very complete, Labocania was probably an extremely large theropod, despite popular estimates not implying this. Gregory S. Paul estimated it at 7 meters and 1500 kg in 2010, while Ruben Molina-Pérez and Asier Larramendi gave a higher estimation of 8.2 meters and 2600 kg in 2016, with both estimates made under the assumption that it was a tyrannosauroid.
However, because Labocania looks to have been a carcharodontosaurid instead of a tyrannosauroid, it would almost certainly have been far larger (and in fact one of the largest known land predators of all), with a skull size estimate restored as such equaling or exceeding in size the skull of the giant Carcharodontosaurus specimen SGM-DIN 1 (itself estimated at 13-13.7 meters and 9000-9800 kg). An estimate based on the fairly complete carcharodontosaurid Acrocanthosaurus also supports a gigantic size, at 12.9 meters and 9500 kg.
The cranial elements are very robust, and the frontals in particular are strongly thickened. The teeth of the maxilla are gradually recurving and rather flat (just like those of carcharodontosaurids) and those of the premaxilla do not have a D-shaped cross-section, unlike tyrannosaurids.
Given how fragmented known specimens are, the affinities have been hard to establish before the animal was placed in phylogenetic analyses by experts. Molnar especially compared Labocania with the carcharodontosaurid Shaochilong (then known as "Chilantaisaurus" maortuensis and thought to be a basal tyrannosauroid at the time), and found the two to be rather similar.
Additionally, similarity between Labocania and tyrannosaurids was found in the form of the ischium which features a low triangular obturator process and a circular lateral scar on the upper end. These features, however, are also known in both species of Giganotosaurus, further supporting Labocania as a carcharodontosaurid. 
Labocania did not end up assigned to any family in the original description, placed as Theropoda incertae sedis. Based on further comparisons with Shaochilong under the old assumption that the latter was a tyrannosauroid, Labocania was considered as a possible tyrannosauroid in the 2004 edition of The Dinosauria by Thomas Holtz, but now that it is known what Shaochilong is, these comparisons support carcharodontosaurid affinities for Labocania.
However, even in 2004, Holtz pointed out that the similarities with the Tyrannosauridae were shared with the Coelurosauria in general—no tyrannosauroid synapomorphies were present—and that Labocania also showed some abelisaurid traits such as the thick frontals and a reclining quadrate. On the other hand, the L-shaped chevron and the flattened outer side of the second metatarsal indicated a position in the Tetanurae. 
Later phylogenetic analyses by experts Mickey Mortimer and Andrea Cau have yielded strong support carcharodontosaurid Labocania, in a very close position to Shaochilong.
The recognition of Labocania as a carcharodontosaurid indicates, contrary to popular belief, that allosauroids neither died out in the Cenomanian-Turonian extinction event nor were outcompeted by tyrannosauroids. They would instead have survived to at least the latest Campanian - therefore it being within the realm of possibility that some allosauroids lived to see the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs - and most certainly would not have been outcompeted by tyrannosauroids, instead very likely being ecologically dominant over them in at least Labocania's case.