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  Caspian Tiger reintroduction project
Posted by: Sully - 11-14-2020, 10:56 PM - Forum: Projects, Protected areas & Issues - Replies (6)
There's been a few posts about this on the forum before, but since it is now in motion, I thought it deserved a thread of it's own.

Kazakhstan Finalizes Plan to Restore Native Turanian Tigers In Ile-Balkhash Region


BY AIDANA YERGALIYEVA in NATION on 6 NOVEMBER 2020
NUR-SULTAN – The Kazakh Ministry of Ecology, Geology, and Natural Resources finalized the restoration plan for Turanian tigers in Central Asia, the ministry’s press service reported. The ministry designated a 15-year long program for the restoration of a tiger in the southern shore of the Balkhash Lake and the region of the Ili River delta.

*This image is copyright of its original author

Turanian tigers (Click to view the map). Photo credit the Kazakh Ecology Ministry.

The total area suitable for the tigers’ habitat is more than 1 million hectares. According to forecasts, the population can reach 100 to 200 tigers. 
The last Turanian tigers disappeared in the 1970s. They inhabited 13 countries in Central Asia, the Middle East, Transcaucasia, Turkey, and northwestern China.
According to scientists, there are three main reasons for the Turanian tiger’s extinction. The first reason was targeted extermination during the Soviet period. Secondly, there was uncontrolled hunting for ungulates, which were the tiger’s main prey. Thirdly, Soviet policy destroyed their habitats through the implementation of numerous irrigation projects.


*This image is copyright of its original author
A sketch of a Turanian tiger. Photo credit: wwf.ru.

The agenda of the restoration program includes preparing habitats, releasing tigers into the wild, and monitoring program. 
The ministry created the Ile-Balkhash State Natural Reserve, a new specially protected natural area. The ministry developed the reserve’s management plan and has started its implementation. The specialists began creating a viable ecosystem for the tiger population. The ministry has started projects to increase the density of wild boar, and restore the population of Bukhara deer. 
The management plan also included a protection scheme against poaching and the prevention of prohibited types of nature use. Then, the specialists will populate the natural reserve with tigers related to the Amur subspecies. Genetic research has shown that Turanian tigers are very similar to Amur tigers.
In 2010, Kazakhstan announced its readiness to return the population of the Turanian tiger to Central Asia at the international tiger summit. In 2017, Kazakhstan and the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF)-Russia signed a memorandum to implement the program for the reintroduction of tigers into the Ile River Delta and Balkhash Lake’s southern shores.
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  The Llanos Jaguar
Posted by: Balam - 11-09-2020, 12:23 AM - Forum: Jaguar - Replies (64)
The Llanos (Orinoco plains)

Wide grasslands stretching across northern South America and occupying western Venezuela and northeastern Colombia. The Llanos have an area of approximately 220,000 square miles (570,000 square km), delimited by the Andes Mountains to the north and west, the Guaviare River and the Amazon River basin to the south, and the lower Orinoco River and the Guiana Highlands to the east. Britannica Encyclopedia.


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Landscape and Fauna:


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Neil Palmer

Tuparro National Park, Colombia


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Carolina H


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Rodrigo Gaviria

Hato El Cedral, Venezuela


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barloventomagico

Hato la Aurora, Colombia


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Alejandro Calderón


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Alfonso Giraldo

Characteristics of the Llanos jaguar:

Excerpt from BODY MASS AND SKULL MEASUREMENTS IN FOUR JAGUAR POPULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR PREY BASE
by Rafael Hoogesteijn and Edgardo Mondolfi

The third sample consists of jaguars from the Llanos or floodplains of Venezuela (Hoogesteijn and Mondolfi 1993b, this study). The Llanos of Venezuela is a large, low lying savanna region that comprises much of the northern and western regions of the Orinoco River drainage basin in Venezuela and Colombia (Thorbjarnarson 1991). The jaguar population inhabiting this region is currently included in the same subspecies as the Amazon jaguar (P. onca onca).

The sex difference for the Llanos is 56%. Also the differences for skull measurements between males and females were greater for the Llanos (between 17 and 19%) compared with the other groups, where differences oscillated between 10% and 13%. There is apparently a higher degree of sexual dimorphism in the Llanos population than elsewhere.

A sample of six stomach contents from the Llanos of Venezuela gave an estimated MWVP of 98 kg, including domestic stock (Mondolfi and Hoogesteijn 1986). A larger sample (18 stomach contents) from the same area gave an MWVP value of 50 kg, where cattle remains occurred in 56 percent ofthe sample (Hoogesteijn and Mondolfi 1993a, b).

Today, the largest jaguars persist in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso (P. onca paraguensis) and the Llanos of Venezuela (P. onca onca), both foodplain areas (the Llanos nearer to the Equator) that are widely, separated but possess some similar ecological features. Both are flooded 5 -6 months of the year, covered in part with extensive gallery and semideciduous forests and have to a certain extent a similar preybase (Schaller and Crawshaw 1980; Crawshaw and Quigley 1991; Hoogesteijn and Mondolfi 1993a). 

Some questions arise regarding the size reduction that this felid underwent from the Pleistocene to the present and the actual large sizes of individuals from the two floodplain populations. These larger jaguars could represent descendants that maintained their larger size due to the better feeding conditions in the floodplain. On the other hand, local populations could have become bigger from the year 1,600 A.D. onwards, with the introduction of plentiful and vulnerable prey such as feral cattle, calves and horse foals. These prey constitute a sizable part of their diet; cattle constituted 38,48 and 56% of stomach contents or kills in three studies, two in the Pantanal and one in the Llanos (Hoogesteijn and Mondolfi 1993b). These changes in size show the great adaptability of this efficient predator of the neotropical forest vertebrates. 

Most current studies relate jaguars to forested areas, but at the beginning of this century, with less human encroachment, jaguars still lived in open areas, like the Argentinean Pampas, where they sought cover in the high grass patches near lagoons and streams, areas practically devoid of forests (Canevari 1983). Also, jaguars lived in the lower Llanos areas where only small strips of gallery forests at the edge of rivers and temporary streams existed between enormous savanna expanses (Hoogesteijn and Mondolfi 1993b). In both places, due to the lack of extensive cover, they were easily exterminated.

Male from Venezuela


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Roger Manrique

Colombian males from Hato La Aurora, where the largest and most intense jaguar tracking and studying is taking place in the region


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Female from the Tuparro National Park


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  Cougars get dominated by some animals study finds
Posted by: cheetah - 11-08-2020, 11:38 PM - Forum: Research, Discoveries & Articles - No Replies
A study says that cougars dominate coyotes and maned wolf but get dominated by jaguars,grey wolf packs,grizzly bears and black bears.

https://news.mongabay.com/2018/02/mounta...udy-finds/

This study was done by panthera (https://www.panthera.org/)

Bears take meals from pumas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_conti...e=emb_logo

Pumas are also dominant over bobcat,ocelot and canada lynx

https://peerj.com/articles/4293/
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  Frozen in the Flesh: Ice Age Mummies
Posted by: KRA123 - 11-07-2020, 01:25 PM - Forum: Extinct Animals - Replies (6)
This is a thread primarily intended to catalogue preserved mummies of Pleistocene animals - one of the very best tools we have for understanding the appearance, ecology and perhaps even the genetics of these extinct creatures. Despite the thread title, entries don't have to be perfectly preserved mummies, any preserved partial or complete non-skeletal remains will do. Preservation also does not also have to be in ice, but can also be through petrification or dehydration, etc.  Please indicate the species as the first line in your posts and keep all post about a single species, for the sake of making things more organized. 
I don't have the time to add many post right now, but I will come back eventually to add as many as I can.

So, to get the catalogue started:

Woolly Rhino (Coelodonta antiquitatis):

Recent find in Yakutia, Russia. I don't think it's been published yet. Photos from Vitalik Isaev's Facebook page.

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Sasha the Baby Woolly Rhino

Found in Yakutia, Russia, around 1000 years old (Source)

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The above images  are from a Daily Mail article which relates that the rhino is actually thought to have lived lived around 34000 years ago, and is around 3-4 years old. It's not clear if the calf is a male or a female.

2007 Woolly Rhino Mummy Find
 Frozen carcass of a female woolly rhino, ~39,000 years old; discovered by gold miners in the lower Kolyma River, far eastern Siberia. The total weight of the mummified corpse, including the skull, horns, remains of two right legs and other bones found separately, is approximately 1000 kg, the live animal was estimated to have weighed tat least 1.5 tons (source).


*This image is copyright of its original author

Photograph by Vladimir Filippov

Starunia Woolly Rhinos

Several woolly rhino mummies have been found preserved in minerals and wax in Starunia, Poland.
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  Tratayenia rosalesi
Posted by: DinoFan83 - 11-05-2020, 05:01 AM - Forum: Dinosaurs - Replies (2)
Tratayenia is an extinct genus of megaraptoran tyrannosauroid theropod known from remains found in Neuquen, Argentina. The type and only species, Tratayenia rosalesi, was described in March 2018, but was unearthed in 2006, with a preliminary report on the remains being published by Juan Porfiri in a 2008 abstract suggesting that it may have been a large basal tetanuran related to carcharodontosaurids. The holotype (MUCPv-1162) consists of a fragmentary but well-preserved skeleton with an articulated series of dorsal and sacral vertebrae, two partial dorsal ribs, much of the right ilium, and pubis and ischium fragments. Tratayenia was a large to gigantic theropod, with the juvenile or subadult holotype being estimated at 8 to 11 meters in length and 1.8 to 4.7 tonnes in weight based on comparison to more complete relatives, and a much larger specimen that may have belonged to the genus (MCF-PVPH 416) potentially indicating sizes of up to 13.6 meters and 8.9 tonnes. Like most other megaraptorans, Tratayenia probably had large arms and claws as well as a large amount of skeletal pneumaticity. Tratayenia is one of the geologically youngest megaraptorans yet found, and is also the largest-bodied carnivorous animal named from the Bajo de la Carpa Formation, reinforcing the hypothesis that megaraptorids were apex predators in southern South America from the Turonian through to at least the Santonian or early Campanian, following the extinction or decline of carcharodontosaurids. If this hypothesis holds, this could show that more primitive tyrannosauroids went on a similarly evolutionary path to their Laurasian cousins after carcharodontosaurids went extinct or severely declined in both Laurasia and Gondwana, taking over the niche of apex predators and reaching sizes that made them among the largest theropods yet found. Tratayenia lived in the Bajo de la Carpa Formation alongside many lizards and turtles, the snake species Dinilysia patagonica, many birds such as Patagopteryx deferrariisi, a diverse amount of crocodylomorphs and many dinosaurs such as the abelisaurid Viavenator exxoni and the alvarezsaurid Alvarezsaurus calvoi, the former of which it was likely to be dominant over.
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  Using Hyenas to understand SWOT analysis
Posted by: Olulu - 11-04-2020, 09:24 PM - Forum: Research, Discoveries & Articles - No Replies
Hyenas bear close resemblance to Dogs but are more related to the Cat family than Dog. More or less, it’s not a Cat or Dog.

It’s smaller than a Lion, slightly taller/ bigger than a Leopard and has one of the strongest jaws in the animal kingdom. “That is to say,” if it bites your hand, that hand will divorce you – blood, bone and skin. It eats both horn and hoofs of its victims.

So how does an animal smaller than the Lion steal meat/food from Lions? First, let’s talk about how it steals from the Cheetah and the Leopard.

I once watched a Leopard kill an antelope and on sighting an Hyena it tried to climbed the tree with its kill. But the tree was not near enough and it won’t outrun the Hyena carrying the dead meat. So it stood its ground ready to fight. Usually, if it was two Hyenas, the Leopard will abandon the meat and run. But at that moment, it was one on one.

The Leopard is faster and has sharper claws than the Hyena. The jaws of the Hyena is supported by a thick skull. So the Hyena did not bother to start a cat fight with the Leopard. It just head-butted the Leopard. First time, second time and the Leopard ran away.

Why head-butt?

If the Hyena had started the fight with claws and mouth, the Leopard would have easily slashed its throat. But by using head-butt, the Hyena protected its throat and in the same move, used one of it’s strongest part (aka skull) to daze the Leopard.

In another scene, four Cheetahs were eating an animal they just caught and one Hyena came for the meat. The Cheetahs tried to pursue the Hyena away. But it only moved one step back, two step forward. After a while the Cheetahs left the meat for the Hyena. No attack, no fight, just submission.

Why did the Cheetahs give up like that? Well, Cheetahs are built light, and their lives/hunting depend on their speed, any injury to the Cheetah means it will die of hunger. The Cheetah can’t afford injury and it is not heavy enough to withstand heavy brushing. So any predator bigger than the Cheetah will chase it away. The Hyena knew this and uses it time and time again.

Four things to decipher from the above, they are: structure, skills, system and strategy. The Hyena has fighting skills, it has a strategy when faced with other predators (based on knowledge of self, knowledge of the market and knowledge of Competitors), it has a structure aka team/ collaborators/ community/ company and each person understands and implements the system (i.e. system is the process flow).

So how does these four things work when the Hyena takes on the Lion?

When it comes to stealing meat from a Lion, one Hyena vs one Lion, and the Hyena dies. Two Hyena vs a Lion, the Lion wins. Three Hyenas vs a Lion, the Lion wins. What about four to one? Hmm, the advantage switches.

I once read on Quora that, “Cats are natural born assassins.” The only reason your pet cat has not killed you is cos you outweigh it 10 to 1, or more and you feed it so it does not need to hunt. The most formidable Cat assassin is the Male Lion. From cub till it becomes the dominant Male, and still it dies, it’s a killing machine.

When you face a bigger and stronger killing machine (aka Competitor), you need first, a structure i.e. a team. Next, you need a workable strategy. Next, outline and combine your skills, and lastly, understand, adopt and implement the above three into a system.

Let’s go back to the four Hyenas vs one Lion. Lemme clarify that in this instance, I’m talking about a female Lion. At four to one, Hyenas will overpower Lionesses i.e. 20 Hyenas to 5 Lionesses. 

The odd changes if there is one male Lion there. To overpower and outwit one male Lion, will also depend one key element. Is it an adult Male Lion? If an adult Male Lion, it will be like 15 or more Hyenas to one Male Lion. Remember, the older a male Lion is, the stronger and more experienced it becomes as an assassin. So the more experience, the more the Hyenas needed.

As a Lion, leverage on your knowledge, skill and experience, make them count. As an Hyena, leverage on your structure/ team aka collaboration and strategy, make them count.

The Hyena knows it’s weaknesses, it’s not faster, bigger or more powerful than a Lion. So it has learnt not to leverage on power or speed, but on strategy. Of cos, it usually has some members that pay the ultimate sacrifice in implementing its system.

What it’s the strategy it uses for the Lion?

Get three or more members to face aka distract the Lion, while the others snap and nip at the Lion’s buttocks and hind legs. Anyway the Lion faces, have few in front, more behind. Usually, if it’s a male Lion, it will sit down to protect its balls.

So always protect your valuables ???!!!!!

However, know your limitation(s). If it’s two adult Male Lions. The Hyenas don’t bother to attempt anything, else death is certain.

There are some market that you have two dominant players, they will combine to force you out if you try to do “James Bond.”

So in one sentence, how can I summarize the above. Well, it is….

“Don’t use yesterday’s anointing for today’s miracles.”

In business terms…

Don’t use the same strategy for every Competitor/ market/ customer.

Study the market, plan your plan, and execute your plan, however, know your limitations.

I hope with these few points of mine, I’ve not confused you too much. If I did, well,….some mothers do have em.

Signed

King Olulu,        
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  The Way of the Lion
Posted by: Olulu - 11-04-2020, 09:16 PM - Forum: Miscellaneous - No Replies
CHAPTER ONE

“Mister tenant, your days are numbered. Hope you have packed your load” Tete said mockingly as she passed by his side and patted his rump with her paw.

“Get off me,” he snarled.

He leaped up to lunge at her. But out of the corner of his eyes, he caught sight of her mother and his other three step mothers watching them keenly.

His anger rapidly subsided and he walked away from his half-sister.

“Hey Didi, where are you running to? You scared of your own tail?” Tete called out.

“Enough Tete,” her mother snapped.

“I was just joking with him.”

“Enough I said.”

“But Didi is still going to leave, right?”

”Yes, our custom demands we send him away from the Pride. But, don’t make an enemy of him, for your paths might still cross.”

“He won’t last a day on his own,” Tete replied.

“Never say never,” said her mother quietly.

“He is a wimp.”

“Your father was once like him.”

“My father is a warrior,” Tete said.

“Yes, he is. But he was not born one. He became one.”

“Didi does not have the balls.”

“He will grow it.”

“How?”

“Lack of options often makes a hero of the weakest of us.”

“He can’t even hunt on his own.”

“He will learn.”

“Who will teach him when he leaves the Pride?”

“Time and chance happens to us all. Life will teach him using hunger and loneliness.”

“I still don’t agree with you mum. You don’t know Didi.”

“I have been a Lion longer than you have been my child. I know Lions and I know a warrior when I see one.”

“Hmm.”

“My child, your father is my 3rd husband. I have seen many things that your mind is yet to understand. So be careful not to make an enemy of your brother.”

“Even if he comes back, I will be ready for him.”

“No my child, if he comes back, he will be too much for you.”

(To be continued)


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  Favorite types of theropods?
Posted by: DinoFan83 - 11-03-2020, 12:53 AM - Forum: Dinosaurs - Replies (1)
Title says it all. What are some of your favorite species of theropod dinosaurs and why?
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  Tiger Safari experience with Nature Safari India
Posted by: naturesafari - 10-28-2020, 03:24 PM - Forum: Vacations and Holidays - Replies (3)
Greeting from the Land of Tigers !!

It's always immense pleasure to give our guest some unforgettable memories and best wildlife and nature experience. We had one our guest who visited India in 2019 and had Tiger Safari and Wildlife tour in Corbett, Bandhavgarh and Kanha National Park. 

Checkout their video testimonial below and Tripadvisor review sharing their experience with Nature Safari India




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  Just Tiger Tour for Wildfact
Posted by: naturesafari - 10-28-2020, 02:51 PM - Forum: Packages & Offers - Replies (2)
Greetings from land of tigers !!

We are an online travel company specialize in curating bespoke wildlife tours in India for over twenty years, Nature Safari India brings to the most luxurious yet rustic tiger safari experiences in the wild. Tour the tiger country with our tailor made tiger tours, tiger and culture tours, photography tours, birding tours and even species specific tours. Each of these tours are guided by skilled naturalists in the best national parks for tiger safaris in India. Just Tigers tour is our top selling tiger safari tour which provide opportunity to spot tigers at three National Park: Pench Kanha and Bandhavgarh National Park. 

We have exclusive 5  % discount for Wildfact 

Please visit  Just Tigers Tours to know more

Also read which are the top 5 National Park for Tiger Safari India 2021 to plan your  tiger safari and wildlife tour with us.

Catch a short glimpse of wildlife of Kanha and Bandhavgarh in the video below:






Please find the attached detailed itinerary in the attachment.


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