Some bad news about the global environment. New study estimates that new mass extinction is coming soon!

Global mass extinction set to begin by 2100, study finds

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'Planet Earth appears to be on course for the start of a sixth mass extinction of life by about 2100 because of the amount of carbon being pumped into the atmosphere, according to a mathematical study of the five previous events in the last 540 million years.

Professor Daniel Rothman, co-director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Lorenz Centre, theorized that disturbances in the natural cycle of carbon through the atmosphere, oceans, plant and animal life played a role in mass die-offs of animals and plants.

So he studied 31 times when there had been such changes and found four out of the five previous mass extinctions took place when the disruption crossed a “threshold of catastrophic change”.

The worst mass extinction of all – the so-called Great Dying some 248 million years ago when 96 per cent of species died out – breached one of these thresholds by the greatest margin.

Based on his analysis of these mass extinctions, Professor Rothman developed a mathematical formula to help predict how much extra carbon could be added to the oceans – which absorb vast amounts from the atmosphere – before triggering a sixth one.

The answer was alarming.

For the figure of 310 gigatons is just 10 gigatons above the figure expected to be emitted by 2100 under the best-case scenario forecast by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The worst-case scenario would result in more than 500 gigatons.

Some scientists argue that the sixth mass extinction has already effectively begun. While the total number of species that have disappeared from the planet comes nowhere near the most apocalyptic events of the past, the rate of species loss is comparable.

Professor Rothman stressed that mass extinctions did not necessarily involve dramatic changes to the carbon cycle – as shown by the absence of this during the Late Devonian extinction more than 360 million years ago.

Writing in the journal Science Advances, he noted that events such as volcanic eruptions, climate change and other environmental factors could also play a role.

But he said changes to the carbon cycle – such as the burning of vast amounts of carbon in the form of oil, coal and gas laid down over millions of years – should also be considered.

“The history of the Earth system is a story of change. Some changes are gradual and benign, but others, especially those associated with catastrophic mass extinction, are relatively abrupt and destructive,” Professor Rothman wrote.

“What sets one group apart from the other? Here, I hypothesize that perturbations of Earth’s carbon cycle lead to mass extinction if they exceed either a critical rate at long time scales or a critical size at short time scales.

“By analyzing 31 carbon isotopic events during the past 542 million years, I identify the critical rate with a limit imposed by mass conservation.

“The modern critical size for the marine carbon cycle is roughly similar to the mass of carbon that human activities will likely have added to the oceans by the year 2100.”

The idea that mass extinctions are caused by major environmental changes was suggested about 200 years ago by the famed French naturalist Georges Cuvier.

If these changes are too rapid for the evolution of species, they may die out either as a result of being out-competed by those that can adapt or because they are unable to cope in the new environment.

Already some species of tree are in trouble because the temperature is rising so quickly that they cannot gradually “migrate” – by seeding saplings – uphill to cooler climates.

But scientists also recently described how the Atlantic killifish had evolved extremely quickly to be able to survive toxic pollution off the U.S. east coast that would normally have killed them. They noted that “unfortunately” most species “we care about” were unlikely to be able to do the same.

Professor Rothman said that during his research into previous mass extinctions “it became evident that there was a characteristic rate of change that the system basically didn’t like to go past”.

He said it would probably take thousands of years for any ecological disaster to play out, but that 2100 could be the tipping point at which the world entered “unknown territory”.

“This is not saying that disaster occurs the next day,” Professor Rothman said.

“It’s saying that, if left unchecked, the carbon cycle would move into a realm which would be no longer stable, and would behave in a way that would be difficult to predict.

“In the geologic past, this type of behaviour is associated with mass extinction.”'

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http://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/world/glob...spartandhp

https://cosmosmagazine.com/mathematics/c...tion-looms

What are some good social media sites to follow for live videos? As of now I only know of Kruger Sightings on Snapchat and Instagram. I'm guessing there has to be more that the community is aware of.

"Lion kingdom" is a serialized documentary with 3 episodes (45 minutes each) about three prides of lions in the Ruaha national park (Tanzania).

So 3 episodes as followed:

1) Pride and punishment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=932ZKOok1D0&t=3s

2) Hunter of giants: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnKp2TFqgiM

3) Bloods rivals: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0avbMUNBa4&t=3s

Surprising to discover 1) in the first episode the pacific coexistence between baboons and lions. Even an alliance between them because as they said "If nothing is more dangerous for a baboon than an hungry lion, nothing is more secure than a fed up pride of lions. Thus the baboons don't never give the alarm when zebras, antelopes and gazelles enter into this particular territory.

2) In the second episod, two big prides of lionesses killing and eating together an adult giraffe during the dry season.

3) Also in the second episode, the small giraffes herd meditating around the few abandoned bones of their killed fellow. Impossible to deny after that the mammals know what the death is.

4) In the third episode, the lions tolerating some lizards feasting on flies over their coat.

And also very beautiful hunting scenes, particularly during the third episode, lions versus buffalos. Very spectacular lions fights also.

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Titanoboa,  is an extinct genus of snakes that is known to have lived in present-day La Guajira in northern Colombia. Fossils of Titanoboa have been found in the Cerrejón Formation, and date to around 58 to 60 million years ago. The giant snake lived during the Middle to Late Paleocene epoch, a 10-million-year period immediately following the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. The only known species is Titanoboa cerrejonensis, the largest snake ever discovered, which supplanted the previous record holder, Gigantophis. By comparing the sizes and shapes of its fossilized vertebrae to those of extant snakes, researchers estimated that the largest individuals of T. cerrejonensis found had a total length around 12.8 m (42 ft) and weighed about 1,135 kg (2,500 lb).
In 2009, the fossils of 28 individuals of T. cerrejonensis were found in the Cerrejón Formation of the coal mines of Cerrejón in La Guajira, Colombia.
Credits to @andhillsfarm @c_d_rosamond @dynamic_focus @mesozoicpride and @sitesexhibitions

            The picture shows maybe Lipstick , but i'm not shure . The pictures was taken in march in the Masai Mara .
The second one was taken near Govenors Camp . Our Guide Issac say this are a member of the Marsh Pride .
The third shows a lioness . Look at the ears  ,maybe someone know this beauty .

Bagarius yarrelli, known as the giant devil catfish or goonch, is a very large species of catfish in the genus Bagarius found in rivers in South Asia.It is possibly also found in Southeast Asia. The Kali River goonch attacks were a series of fatal attacks on humans believed to be perpetrated by man-eating goonch catfish in three villages on the banks of the Kali River in India and Nepal, between 1998 and 2007. This is the subject of a TV documentary aired on 22 October 2008, as well as an episode about the Kali River goonch attacks on the Animal Planet series River Monsters.This fish reaches up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in length, and weighs over 200 pounds.

Colossoma macropomum: Pacu is a term of Brazilian Indian/Guaraní origin. When the large fish of the Colossoma genus entered the aquarium trade in the U.S. and other countries, they were labeled pacui, it has different names depending on its locality pacu, cachama, cherna and tambaquí. Pacu, along with piranha, are currently further classified into the Serrasalmidae family (formerly a subfamily of Characidae). Serrasalmidae means "serrated salmon family" and refers to the serrated keel running along the belly of these fish. However, dental characteristics and feeding habits further separate the two groups from each other.
Pacu, unlike piranha, mainly feed on plant material and not flesh or scales. Additionally, the pacu can reach much larger sizes than piranha, at up to 1.08 m (3.5 ft) in total length and 40 kg (88 lb) in weight.
Credits to @piscicultura_anzol_prata @jordan.homps and @facanarede

Native to the streams of the Amazon River basin, the arapaima is a massive yet sleek and streamline freshwater fish. It can breathe air, allowing it to survive in pools with low water levels or decaying vegetation. Arapaima have broad, bony heads, upturned mouths and streamlined bodies with a dorsal fin stretching along their backs toward their tails, which are massive, yet stumpy in appearance. The head of the arapaima is copperish-green in color, their bodies are black with a white center and their tails are red. In Brazil, they are known as "pirarucu," a word from the Tupi language, which translates roughly as "red fish." In Peru, they are known as "paiche."
When the rivers overflow, fish can be dispersed into the surrounding forest for miles, sometimes to remote areas where floodwater contains so much decaying vegetation that oxygen levels are too low to support most fish. This predicament does not affect the arapaima, as it has the ability to breathe air. The arapaima is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world, reaching up to 330 pounds (150 kilograms) and 10 feet (3 meters) in length. However, sizes of 200 pounds (90.7 kilograms) and 7 to 8 feet (2.2 to 2.4 meters) in length are more common.
The arapaima is found in Brazil, Peru and Guyana. They live in the slow-moving and typically oxygen-deficient rivers of the Amazon River basin floodplain.In the wild, The arapaima eats mostly fish but is also known to eat fruits, seeds, insects, birds and mammals found on the surface of the water.






credits to Smithsonian Zoo, @arawuanco, @keridesevi and @fishing.club

Rare Indian Hyena Fight At Sariska Tiger Reserve.

Rajasthan, India.