There is a world somewhere between reality and fiction. Although ignored by many, it is very real and so are those living in it. This forum is about the natural world. Here, wild animals will be heard and respected. The forum offers a glimpse into an unknown world as well as a room with a view on the present and the future. Anyone able to speak on behalf of those living in the emerald forest and the deep blue sea is invited to join.
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  Literature Thread
Posted by: Sanju - 06-15-2020, 12:43 PM - Forum: Miscellaneous - Replies (1)
A Close Call in Muktesar

*This image is copyright of its original author

Distant Danger by John Seerey-Lester

The long search for the man-eating tigress was coming to an end and the hunter was poised to bring a permanent halt to the killer’s reign of terror. After a trek lasting three days, he was finally going to come face to face with his deadly quarry. He knew that the slightest disturbance in the bush could cause the tigress to flee.

That day and on previous days, Jim Corbett had a team of some 30 beaters working hard to flush and drive the tigress toward him. They were not having much luck and were about to call it a day and try again the following morning when Corbett’s attention was drawn to a distant field adjacent to a village.

*This image is copyright of its original author

Man Eater of Kumaon by John Seerey-Lester

He couldn’t believe his eyes. The elusive tigress was casually walking toward them about 400 yards away. Corbett looked for some cover and a good position from which to take his shot. Meanwhile, the big cat started down a ravine toward a narrow stream. Corbett quickly made his way to where he hoped to get a shot before or after she crossed the water, but there was insufficient cover.

As the tigress began to climb over the crest of the hill, Corbett knew he’d have to move fast if he was going to cut her off before she disappeared. Determined not to lose his chance, he had no other option but to race headlong through a tunnel of thorn bushes that tore at his skin and clothes.
With blood trickling down his face, the hunter eventually scrambled out the thorns and found a vantage point above the ravine where he expected to see the tigress feeding on the carcass of an old bullock he had put there the day before. As he crawled up to the rim, he was relieved to hear bones cracking below him, which meant the tigress had found the kill.

During the early half of the 20th century, Jim Corbett was one of the most famous hunters of man-eating tigers and leopards. Born in 1875 of Irish ancestry in the small Himalayan town of Nainital in the Kumaon area of northern British India (now the State of Uttarakhand), Edward James Corbett soon became dedicated to ridding Indian villages of the killer cats.

During his long hunting career, he never slayed a tiger or leopard unless it was killing humans. It’s estimated that the cats he killed were responsible for the deaths of some 1,200 men, women and children.
Around the mid 1920s, Corbett had been called to Muktesar, a small picturesque settlement in the shadow of the Himalayas. Apparently a troublesome tigress had taken up residence in the forest area near a Veterinary Research Institute specializing in fighting cattle diseases.

The tigress had quickly graduated from attacking livestock to killing humans. At least 24 people had been killed by the tigress and something had to be done about her. Like most man-eaters, the big cat had probably suffered an injury that caused a change in her diet from wild animals to humans, a much easier source of prey.
The tigress was terrorizing and endangering the lives of the villagers as well as workers at the institute. Because it was a Government-run facility that was doing important work, it became a priority to find someone who could resolve the situation.

Corbett was called in, though at first he was hesitant; he worried that he might be stepping on the toes of the sportsmen who lived around the institute and who had tried unsuccessfully to kill the tigress. But after hearing the horror stories of how people had been brutally slain, he signed on for the task.

Corbett always required physical evidence of an attack or to be taken to the site of the tragedy. Upon his arrival, he was shown where a local woman had been cutting grass for her cattle when the tigress pounced, striking her with a fatal blow and then crushing her skull. The woman’s death was instantaneous, but surprisingly, the cat chose to seek refuge elsewhere instead of feeding on the corpse.

Two days later, a man had found the woman’s body, still clutching a clump of grass in one hand and a sickle in the other. The man was also killed by the tigress, which had been lying in wait not far away. For some reason, the tigress fed on the man, but had decided to leave the woman untouched.

A day later, she killed a third villager without any provocation, which elevated her to the top of the wanted list.
Now Corbett was within striking distance of bagging the big cat, unless something unexpected happened. From his vantage point above the tigress, he watched as she left the kill and began to move out on to open ground. Suddenly he was startled by a sound behind him; it was one of the beaters who had retrieved Corbett’s hat that he’d lost during his run through the thorn tunnel.

Corbett thanked the beater, then motioned for him to keep quiet. The tigress was close by, climbing up the opposite bank and walking along the top toward a hill where she would soon be obscured by a thicket of poplar saplings, each about six inches thick. Although he could only see a shadow of the cat moving through the trees, Corbett decided to take the shot.
The blast from his rifle echoed through the valley as the bullet hit a sapling near the cat’s head. The tigress reacted instantly, swinging around and charging down the hill toward Corbett, who realized he was trapped with his back to a sheer 50-foot drop to the stream below.

When the cat was only two yards away, Corbett leaned forward and fired his last bullet, which struck the tiger at the base of her neck. The impact of the 500-caliber bullet pushed the tigress off course, but her momentum carried her past Corbett and over the cliff to where she fell into the stream with a huge splash.

As the villagers and beaters cheered from the cliff-top, the dead cat was hauled up from the stream and laid on a bed of straw for all to see. An hour later, by the light of lanterns and in front of a growing crowd, which by then included several local sportsmen, Corbett skinned the tigress. He found that one of her forelegs had some 50 porcupine quills imbedded under the pad, which had become ingrown. This was obviously what had turned the cat into a man-eater.

https://sportingclassicsdaily.com/a-clos...-muktesar/
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  Asiatic lions outside India
Posted by: BorneanTiger - 06-08-2020, 09:58 PM - Forum: Lion - Replies (6)
Today, the Asiatic lion (which was considered to be a subspecies of its own, with the scientific name Panthera leo persica, before being subsumed by the Cat Specialist Group in 2017 to the Northern lion subspecies (Panthera leo leo), due to its genetic closeness with lions in northern parts of Africa, including the Barbary and West African lions) is found either in the wilderness of Gujarat State in Western India, in and around Gir Forest, or in captivity. Previously, it is recorded to have had a huge range extending from India or South Asia (including what is now Pakistan) in the east, to Anatolia (the Asian part of Turkey) in the west, and Transcaucasia (or "South Caucasus", including Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) and Central Asia (including the oasis' region of Khwarizm) in the north, barring lions which historically occurred in southern Europe (including Greece, there's another threadfor that): https://www.wdl.org/en/item/17720/view/2/342/, https://archive.org/stream/journalofbomb...2/mode/2uphttps://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov2...2/mode/2up

Let me first start with depictions of this population of lions in the book of Heptner and Sludskiy (1972), note the belly-covering manes: https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov2...2/mode/2up

*This image is copyright of its original author
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  Which is the most naturally beautiful country in the world?
Posted by: sanjay - 06-08-2020, 01:50 PM - Forum: Miscellaneous - Replies (5)
The world is definitely beautiful.. And I have heard there are lots of place which has splendid looking views and make you feel happy. You will love its presence.
We know every country has few places which is quite spectacular, But according to you which country as whole is beautiful ?
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  Thanks for the welcome
Posted by: Nate121 - 06-07-2020, 12:28 PM - Forum: Lion - No Replies
Thank you for the welcome @Lycaon ? Yes Iv seen so many pictures and information here here i haven’t seen anywhere else. Keep up the great work guys.
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  Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
Posted by: DinoFan83 - 06-04-2020, 05:07 AM - Forum: Dinosaurs - Replies (26)
Spinosaurus (meaning "spine lizard") is a genus of spinosaurid dinosaur that lived in what now is North Africa during the upper Albian to upper Turonian stages of the Cretaceous period, about 112 to 93.5 million years ago. This genus was known first from Egyptian remains discovered in 1912 and described by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1915. The original remains were destroyed in World War II, but additional material has come to light in the early 21st century. It is unclear whether one or two species are represented in the fossils reported in the scientific literature. The best known species is S. aegyptiacus from Egypt, although a potential second species, S. maroccanus, has been recovered from Morocco. The contemporary spinosaurid genus Sigilmassasaurus has also been synonymized by some authors with S. aegyptiacus, though other researchers propose it to be a distinct taxon. Another possible junior synonym is Oxalaia from the Alcântara Formation in Brazil.
Spinosaurus may have had the largest average size of of known specimens among all known carnivorous dinosaurs, much heavier than known specimens of T. rex and similar in size to or somewhat heavier than known specimens of giant carcharodontosaurids like Giganotosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus. The latest estimates suggests a weight of more than 12860 kg and a length of 15.8 meters for the 1 possible adult specimen (NHMUK R-16421) that can be estimated based on overlap with other specimens. Some other specimens (MSNM v4047, NMC 41852) may suggest similar sizes to these when they can be estimated from overlap with other specimens.
The skull of Spinosaurus was long, low and narrow, similar to that of a modern crocodilian, and bore straight conical teeth with no serrations. It would have had large, robust forelimbs bearing three-fingered hands, with an enlarged claw on the first digit. The distinctive neural spines of Spinosaurus, which were long extensions of the vertebrae (or backbones), grew to at least 1.65 meters (5.4 ft) long and were likely to have supported a large hump of muscle, akin to that of a modern-day bison.
Spinosaurus' hip bones were reduced, and the legs were very short in proportion to the body. Its long and narrow tail was deepened by tall, thin neural spines and elongated chevrons, forming a flexible fin or paddle-like structure. Spinosaurus is known to have eaten fish, and most scientists believe that it hunted both terrestrial and aquatic prey. Evidence suggests that it was highly semiaquatic, and lived both on land and in water as modern crocodilians do. Spinosaurus' leg bones had osteosclerosis (high bone density), allowing for better buoyancy control, and the paddle-like tail was likely used for underwater propulsion. Multiple functions have been put forward for the dorsal sail, including thermoregulation and display; either to intimidate rivals or attract mates. Spinosaurus lived in a humid environment of tidal flats and mangrove forests alongside many other dinosaurs, as well as fish, crocodylomorphs, lizards, turtles, pterosaurs, and plesiosaurs.
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  Ancient Jaguars
Posted by: Balam - 06-04-2020, 03:41 AM - Forum: Pleistocene Big Cats - Replies (67)
A lot is known about the ancient lions and tigers, but jaguars have a very intriguing fossil record as well. In here we are to post information and new discoveries regarding ancient jaguar species and subspecies.


Panthera onca mesembrina, Pleistocene of South America

Skull:


*This image is copyright of its original author



The size of P. o. mesembrina:

"Body Mass estimation. The size of the m1 in the felid is the classic best gauge of body mass (Legendre and Roth, 1988, VanValkenburgh, 1990). We calculated the body mass (BM) of F. o. mesembrina using the m1 measurements, following the proposal of VanValkenburgh (1990) with the formula:


*This image is copyright of its original author


We determinated a body mass of 231.21 kg for “Panthera onca mesembrina”. This value is well within of the range of the males of Panthera atrox (Wheeler and Jefferson, 2009), whereas the values are much smaller in Panthera onca (Christiansen and Harris, 2005, Prevosti and Vizcaíno, 2006). Further, this body mass is within the range of largest felids, such as Smilodon fatalis and S. populator (Christiansen and Harris, 2005).

Recently, Prevosti and Martin (2014) made a mass calculation of “P. onca mesembrina” based on some unpublished fossil remains. They obtained values between 190 kg to 243 kg, based on the length of m1 of different individuals (see Prevosti and Martin, 2014: Supplementary data 1). It is worth mentioning that the living P. onca shows values near 100 kg (102 kg sensu Sunquist and Sunquist, 2002), and exceptionally upper values of 158 kg (Seymour, 1989). Further, the large extinct North American jaguar P. onca augusta, was 15 to 20% larger than living jaguar, being less than 190 kg (Seymour, 1989).

In this way, the mass calculation for “P. o. mesembrina” obtained by Prevosti and Martin (2014) and present paper points that the Patagonian Panthera was a felid that duplicates the size of living or extinct jaguars.

Additionally, based on body mass determination, it is possible to calculate the focused prey size of “P. o. mesembrina” on the basis of the following formula (Hemmer, 2004):



*This image is copyright of its original author
"
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...8317301094


*This image is copyright of its original author

Reconstruction by Roman Uchytel
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  Miracinonyx "The American Cheetah"
Posted by: Sully - 06-03-2020, 02:55 PM - Forum: Pleistocene Big Cats - Replies (3)
Surprised there wasn't already a thread on these cool pleistocene cats. Not quite cheetahs and not quite pumas, these cats had a lean morphology quite (but not exactly) like the cheetahs of africa. It is thought they are the reason pronghorn antelopes are as fast as they are today. Here is some literature on this cat below. Opinions differ as to its evolution, taxonomy, ecology and relation to actual cheetahs as they were named after. Important to note that they were not just plains animals, also inhabiting rocky mountainous areas likely preying upon goats like modern day snow leopards. I also think this thread is useful as to compare and contrast the morphology of modern day cheetahs, snow leopards and pumas, a topic I've briefly seen discussed around the forum (one may question the inclusion of snow leopards, I mention them due to the mention of their similar morphology to cheetahs in "Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives". Strip down the fur and they're not so different)

Adams, D. 1979. The Cheetah: Native AmericanScience. 205:1155-1158
Barnett, R., Barnes, I., Phillips, M., 

Martin, L., Harington, C., Leonard, J., Cooper, A. 2005. Evolution of the extinct sabretooths and the American cheetah-like catCurrent Biology. 15, 15:  R589-90

Hodnett, J., Mead, J., White, R., Carpenter, M.  2010. Miracinonyx trumani (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Rancholabrean of Grand Canyon, Arizona and its implications for he ecology of the “American cheetah”,  in Program and Abstracts, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30:sup2, 1A-198A

Kennedy, N., Bhatt, R. 2012. A geometric and kinematic backbone model of the cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, and its application to understanding the spinal kinematics of Miracinonyx trumani, in Programs and Abstracts, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

Martin, L., Gilbert, B., Adams, D. 1977. A cheetah-like cat in the North American PleistoceneScience. 195: 981-982

Van Valkenburgh, B., Grady, F., Kurten, B. 1990. The Plio-Pleistocene cheetah-like cat Miracinonyx inexpectatus of North AmericaThe Plio-Pleistocene cheetah-like cat Miracinonyx inexpectatus of North AmericaThe Plio-Pleistocene cheetah-like cat Miracinonyx inexpectatus of North AmericaJournal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 10,4 : 434-454

Walker, D. 2000. Pleistocene and Holocene records of Antilocapra americana: A review of the FAUNMAP dataPleistocene and Holocene records of Antilocapra americana: A review of the FAUNMAP dataPleistocene and Holocene records of Antilocapra americana: A review of the FAUNMAP dataPlains Anthropologist. 45, 174, 32: 13-28


I'll be reading these in the coming months and posting parts I find interesting, feel free to do the same and more!
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  Intraspecific conflicts, no canids or felids
Posted by: Shadow - 05-28-2020, 01:50 PM - Forum: Terrestrial Wild Animals - Replies (27)
Since there are a lot of species outside of felids and canids, which have interesting and sometimes really impressive conflicts/confrontations, this thread can be used to highlight those from other postings.

I start this one with two alligators. Very interesting to hear sounds even though a short clip. Btw... also when talking about bite forces, we don´t see head crushing here. I point this out because so often people talk about "superior bite forces", here once again it can be seen, that some theoretical or even proven bite force, when biting something with a really good bite and not too thick object isn´t quite the same as situation is when bite isn´t perfect. I really don´t think, that crocodiles can bite so hard, when object is mostly there, where animals usually have canines, with crocodiles it could be said, that when in frontal part of jaws. 




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  Hillocks, hills, volcanoes and mountains
Posted by: BorneanTiger - 05-24-2020, 06:10 PM - Forum: Human & Nature - Replies (10)
Starting a thread for landforms which I'm sure always or regularly catch your attention if you are nearby, with a post about the highest of them all on Earth: Mount Everest

With air pollution levels down during the pandemic, Kathmandu photographer Abhushan Gautam captured a sight that has been shrouded in the city's smog for nearly 50 years — a clear view of Mount Everest: https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-...-1.5580607https://thehill.com/changing-america/sus...-120-miles




   
   
   

Istock: 
   
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  Kevin Richardson & his lions
Posted by: LoveLions - 05-23-2020, 03:29 AM - Forum: Lion - Replies (31)
Post anything about Kevin Richardson and his lions.


*This image is copyright of its original author


Here is a video of him with Gandalf, Cussasa and Sibindie









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