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Lions of Sabi Sands
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 MLOWATHI PRIDE
Old Mala Mala Sightings of 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006
2003
April 2003 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 2 YEARS Location: SW EYREFIELD/ CENTRAL & NW MALA MALA The adult lioness and two younger lionesses which have been seen on Mala Mala over the last half-year or so, mostly towards the northwest of the reserve, will now be known as the Mlowathi Pride. The Mlowathi River is fairly central within the area they roam on Mala Mala. The history of these lions can only be guessed at. The adult lioness, which has a noticeable 'butterfly-wing' shaped nick out of her right ear, was first encountered towards the end of October 2002 and was at the time accompanied by three youngsters, two males and a female, all judged to be of the same age. The young males were seen only once or twice thereafter. All other sightings were then of the lioness and the young female, until, that is, another young lioness, of similar age to the other, joined them in late January this year. The age of the youngsters does not correspond with the last sightings of the Marthly Pride, a family of lions which used to travel much of the area currently roamed by this trio. Areas of activity for these lions include Marthly, central & western Eyrefield and, more recently, northern Mala Mala. There lions may very well schedule their activities on Mala Mala to correspond with the absence of the Styx Pride, the family of lions which is expected to have a strong presence in much of the area where the Mlowathi Pride roams. Interestingly, however, when the Styx Pride has arrived in areas only very recently vacated by the Mlowathi Pride, they have shown no anger at any intrusion, as if they see no threat in these other lionesses using their resources. When the second young lioness made an appearance with the adult and the first one, it corresponded with the Styx Pride losing one of their similarly aged young females; speculation was that this second young female to join the other two may well have been the 'lost' Styx Pride youngster. But, the addition of these three lionesses has been valuable and they have provided some fine viewing in the months that they have been seen. During April there were three particularly fine days when the lions were seen to kill two impala and also interact with a couple of porcupines. With the first impala, which the three lionesses surrounded and caught, the mother let the two youngsters kill it - not so great for the poor impala, but a valuable lesson for the youngsters in the art of killing. The following night, the lions set off on the hunt once more, moving through some usually prey-rich areas. But the first animals which they encountered where a pair of porcupines and again the adult lioness seemed to welcome this as another lesson for the youngsters. She initiated an approach on the porcupines, but then drew back and let the young females take over. What followed, as the adult watched from the sidelines, was a painful lesson for the cubs. Eventually the lions left the porcupines to themselves, having extracted the last of the sharp quills, and no doubt quite aware of the capabilities of these prickly rodents. The rest of the night was then spent hunting, but apparently without catching anything and when they were located the following afternoon, the lions headed off on the hunt once more, even before the sun had set. They soon surrounded a large herd of impala and the adult lioness caught a youngster. But this time there was no sharing and it was every lion for itself, with the adult easily dominating. Such battles are part of a lion's life and it is best that the young lions learn this as quickly as possible. Towards the end of the month, the Mlowathi Pride was seen near the middle parts of the Matshapiri River, this perhaps the furthest east they have ventured since first appearing on Mala Mala. Hopefully these lions will find a permanent place on Mala Mala amongst the dynamics of the lions already around. May 2003 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 2 YEARS 1 MONTH Location: SW EYREFIELD/ CENTRAL & NW MALA MALA Although there were only three sightings of the Mlowathi Pride this month, footprints suggested that they were around more often than this and wandered far and wide over the northern and even some central areas of the reserve. The relative absence of the Styx Pride from these areas has almost certainly allowed these three lions this sort of access. Towards the beginning of the May report-period, the three lionesses of the Mlowathi Pride decided to have a bit of sport with the large herd of buffaloes along the middle reaches of the Matshapiri River. It was all high-spirited fun in many ways since the lions did not have a hope of catching one of the large bovids. But the practice would have been good for the young females which seem to be catching on very quickly as to what is required to survive. The last sighting of the Mlowathi Pride was towards the end of the May report-period; they were lying in what is usually a prey-rich open area to the east of the Main Camp and spent the day having animals walk around them. It must have been quite frustrating for the young lionesses as they watched these happenings but, being so in the open with no cover to sneak up on creatures, all they could really do was watch. A rhino bull and a lone buffalo bull were amongst the passers-by and, judging by the way in which the young lions stared at them, they were simply itching to give chase. Just before dusk, a female leopard nearly walked into them, but bolted before they could chase after her. After dark the trio headed out of the area; as plentiful as the impalas and kudus were around them, it would have made no sense in trying to go after these already very alert animals. The lions were seen stalking and chasing some impala later on that evening, but failed to catch one. June 2003 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 2 YEARS 2 MONTHS Location: EYREFIELD/ SW MALA MALA/ NW FLOCKFIELD Although there were only four sightings of the Mlowathi Pride this month, they indicated two things; firstly that the three lionesses are in fine condition and evidently getting good food and, secondly, that they are wandering much further around the reserve than has so far been documented. On one occasion, when they were found close to the confluence of the Matshapiri and Sand Rivers, tracks indicated that they had actually walked to the area from eastern Flockfield after killing a kudu. Earlier in the month they were found east of the upper reaches of the Matshapiri River, territory considered perhaps belonging more to the Clarendon Pride than any other family of lions. The Mlowathi Pride is still generally considered a nomadic family of lions, working for food within an area, avoiding the more resident lion families and dominant males and trying not to advertise their presence through roaring or scent-marking. July 2003 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 2 YEARS 3 MONTHS Location: SW EYREFIELD The three lionesses of the Mlowathi Pride were seen only once and this towards the very beginning of the July-report-period. But, given the known mobility of this trio and their apparent passion for secretive behaviour, they were almost certainly present on Mala Mala far more frequently than this single sighting suggests. These lions seem not to have a territory and at this stage probably do not want to involve themselves with other lions, male or female. This would of course cause them to be secretive and move great distances in short periods, just to stay out of harms way. One wanders just what will happen, however, when one or more of them comes into season and a male lion is sought out. August 2003 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 2 YEARS 4 MONTHS Location: SE MARTHLY/ SW EYREFIELD/ NW MALA MALA The last sighting of the Mlowathi Pride during August was towards the middle of the month. Although most encounters of the three Mlowathi Pride lionesses were towards the northwestern parts of the reserve, tracks and the seemingly secretive nature of these lions suggest that they cover a far bigger area on the Mala Mala reserve.Since the Mlowathi Pride does not appear to actually control any particular region, they often seem to move around with some stealth, probably hoping to minimise the chances of being detected by the lions controlling the territories which they wander around in. September 2003 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 2 YEARS 5 MONTHS Location: SE MARTHLY/ SW EYREFIELD/ NW MALA MALA No encounters with the lions of this family this month. October 2003 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 2 YEARS 6 MONTHS Location: SE MARTHLY/ SW EYREFIELD/ NW MALA MALA The Mlowathi Pride was seen four times this month and twice they interacted with the Eyrefield Pride and West Street Males. On the first occasion, they had been drawn to the scene of a buffalo carcass which was opposite the Main Camp, probably after hearing a huge uproar as the West Street Males and Eyrefield Pride surrounded and harassed an old male lion which had tried to sneak a bite to eat. When the Mlowathi Pride saw what they were up against, they fled, as silently as they had arrived. As far as is known, the other lions were never aware that they had been observed. On the second occasion, the three lionesses had managed to kill a female buffalo, but this was well within Eyrefield Pride territory and, as luck would have it, members of this family were nearby, themselves having just finished off another buffalo kill. The inevitable happened and the Eyrefield Pride chased the three Mlowathi Pride lions from their kill. Since the Mlowathi Pride was outside their home-ground (wherever that might be) and inside that of the Eyrefield Pride, they put up no fight whatsoever and simply took off. Nevertheless, in spite of various levels of insecurity, the Mlowathi Pride lionesses appear to be in fine condition and are clearly getting enough to eat. November 2003 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 2 YEARS 7 MONTHS Location: SE MARTHLY/ EYREFIELD-MALA MALA BOUNDARY Although there were only three sightings of the Mlowathi Pride this month, there was some interesting insight into just how this lion family relates to some others in the area. As far as is known, the Mlowathi Pride really has no area under their control and also has no male lion or group of male lions 'caring' for them and it was this last point which was demonstrated when they approached one of the Split Rock Males which was feeding on a buffalo carcass on NW Mala Mala. Instead of welcoming the three lionesses (or at least tolerating them), the Split Rock Male wanted nothing to do with them and the lionesses left the area. A year ago, when the Mlowathi Pride first appeared on the scene, the West Street Males also chased them off. This then must be their life when it comes to dominant male lions; they have no need for them at present and all they really should do if they are to survive well is avoid them. Of course all of this will change when they come into season and bodily functions dominate. Towards the middle of November, the three Mlowathi Pride lionesses were found resting close to where the Styx Pride was eating a zebra on eastern Eyrefield. The Styx Pride had been very active in the area and the Mlowathi Pride simply must have known that they were nearby, but didn't try to approach them or even flee in terror. This type of almost passive acceptance of each other has been seen before, with neither Styx Pride nor Mlowathi Pride showing too much concern over one another's' activities, as long as they generally stay apart. Some evidence, of course, suggests that the one young lioness of the Mlowathi Pride is in actual fact from the Styx Pride. December 2003 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 2 YEARS 8 MONTHS Location: SE MARTHLY/ EYREFIELD-MALA MALA BOUNDARY The four sightings of the Mlowathi Pride were of them mostly in the western parts of their range. However, given the secretive nature of these lionesses, it would come as no surprise if they had been in other places as well, moving with some stealth so as not to attract the attentions of whatever local lions' territory they happened to be invading at the time. The last three sightings of the Mlowathi Pride were on successive days. They were seen killing a female nyala on the first night, resting on the second and then leaving the area on the third, killing something small as they moved on. The nyala kill demonstrated just how accomplished the two younger lionesses are, working exceptionally well together with the adult. It will be interesting to see just what happens when the inevitable occurs and they come into season and seek out male lions for mating. 2004
January 2004 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 2 YEARS 9 MONTHS Location: MARTHLY The single sighting of the Mlowathi Pride was at the beginning of the report-period when they were seen on Marthly, well fed after spending several profitable days in the area. With an increased level of Styx Pride activity this month, perhaps the Mlowathi Pride has kept away from the areas where they are often seen. Since this pride doesn't seem to actually have a territory, they appear to wander around, keeping out of harms way by either avoiding areas or, when in them, maintaining a low profile. February 2004 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 2 YEARS 10 MONTHS Location: MARTHLY No sightings this month. March 2004 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 2 YEARS 11 MONTHS Location: MARTHLY These lions weren't encountered this month, almost certainly due to the fact that the Styx Pride remained so dominant in the areas of the reserve where they are mostly seen. The Mlowati Pride doesn't really seem to have a territory, a home range, yes, but not an area which they defend against others. And, with a family as powerful as the Styx Pride almost constantly in one of the regions which they often enter, they'd be wise to look for less hazardous places. April 2004 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 3 YEARS Location: MARTHLY No sightings this month, almost certainly again a result of the dominance of the Styx Pride in the northern and northwestern parts of the reserve. May/ June/ July 2004 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 3 YEARS 1 MONTH Location: MARTHLY No sightings during May/ June/ July 2004 August 2004 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 3 YEARS 4 MONTHS Location: MALA MALA, EYREFIELD. There was a single confirmed sighting of the Mlowathi Pride during this game report period, that being close to the northern boundary, along the Mlowathi River. The adult lioness and two sub-adult females all seemed to be in good shape. A sighting of three lionesses a few days earlier, however, could very well have been of the Mlowathi Pride. On this occasion, the lionesses had just finished off a kudu kill, and for some reason appeared rather edgy in the presence of vehicles. This kill took place in an area not often frequented by the Mlowathi Pride, and it is quite likely that their perceived nervousness was partly due to the presence in the general area of some Eyrefield Pride members. September 2004 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 3 YEARS 5 MONTHS Location: MALA MALA, EYREFIELD, MARTHLY The Mlowathi Pride could be in the process of expanding! One of the Split Rock Males was seen to escort the 3 lionesses of the pride, while his partner was keeping the Styx Pride company. One of the younger lionesses of the Mlowathi Pride mated with this male for a couple of days, and she is not too young to conceive. The first three sightings of the Mlowathi Pride all took place within the space of a week, the last of these being that of two of the females coming together, perhaps after one of them had completed her mating session. Two of the females were seen again late in the month, in the Picadilly area. October 2004 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 3 YEARS 6 MONTHS Location: MALA MALA, EYREFIELD, MARTHLY There were several sightings of the three lionesses of the Mlowathi Pride, and they are clearly under the control of the Split Rock Males, with whom they spent a fair amount of time. At least one of the lionesses is in an advanced stage of pregnancy, and one of the others appears to also be pregnant. November 2004 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 3 YEARS 7 MONTHS Location: MALA MALA, EYREFIELD, MARTHLY There was just one sighting of two members of the Mlowathi Pride, and they were hunting along the Manyeleti River near Paraffin Drift. The next month or two might give further clues as to what cubs may have recently been born to this pride. December 2004 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 3 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 3 YEARS 8 MONTHS Location: MALA MALA, EYREFIELD, MARTHLY There were no sightings of the Mlowathi Pride during this game report period. It can be hoped that these lionesses will soon reappear on Mala Mala, with at least one litter of cubs! 2005
January 2005 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 7 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 3 YEARS 9 MONTHS 4 CUBS * 4 MONTHS Location: WESTERN MALA MALA There was just one sighting of the Mlowathi Pride in January, but it was a good one. Two lionesses (including the older one) were present, and with them were four cubs, seen for the first time. The cubs were estimated to be just under 4 months of age at the time, and all were seen to suckle from both lionesses. It was believed, however, that all cubs belonged to one lioness. This suggests that the other lioness has an even younger litter. Time will tell! It is likely that the Mlowathi Pride has been spending most of its time on western Marthly. It is not known what has happened to the third lioness of the pride. Could it be that she too has a new litter of cubs? The cubs of the Mlowathi Pride were undoubtedly sired by the Split Rock Males. February 2005 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 9 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 3 YEARS 10 MONTHS 4 CUBS * 5 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 3 MONTHS The lions of the Mlowathi Pride provided some fine viewing in February, and were seen on at least 9 different occasions. Until the last day of the game report period, only two of the three lionesses of the pride were seen, but then the third female was seen with her companions on that last day. Of the two lactating females, one has four cubs (although towards month-end only three were seen), while the other has two. These cubs have been stashed on the banks of the Manyeleti River, south and west of Stwise in rocky terrain, and also on and near the northern bank of the Sand River, south and west of Elephant Rock. Early in the month, two lionesses of the pride were seen to chase and kill a wildebeest calf on the edge of the airstrip. This kill took place at midday, and the lions were not seen in the area that afternoon. Indications are that the younger of the two Split Rock Males is probably spending a good deal of time with the Mlowathi Pride, while his older partner is more closely linked to the Styx Pride. March 2005 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 8 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 3 YEARS 11 MONTHS 3 CUBS * 6 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 4 MONTHS There was just one sighting of two lionesses of the Mlowathi Pride in March. Looking a little beaten up, they were encountered on the airstrip, and moved from there to the Sand River, upstream of where the Manyeleti flows into the Sand. No cubs were seen. April 2005 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 7 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 4 YEARS 0 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 7 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 5 MONTHS Location: SOUTHERN MARTHLY The Mlowathi Pride numbers have dropped by one, with the disappearance (and almost certain death) of another of the older cubs. Around mid-month, two lionesses and four cubs of the pride were seen feeding on a waterbuck kill along the rocky banks of the Manyeleti River near Paraffin Drift. Access to the sighting was difficult, and the view was somewhat restricted, but the lions were seen at the kill site for 3 days. A few days later, the two lionesses were seen. They were on the move, having been hunting, and were probably returning to their cubs. In recent months, there has only been one occasion when all three lionesses of this pride were seen together. There is speculation that the third lioness might have very young cubs, and that she is keeping the cubs (and herself) away from the rest of the pride for the time being. May 2005 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 7 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 4 YEARS 1 MONTH 2 CUBS * 8 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 6 MONTHS Location: SOUTHERN MARTHLY Although there were only three sightings of the Mlowathi Pride (all quite early in the game report period), the third sighting proved that all three lionesses of the pride do indeed still exist. One of the younger lionesses had not been seen with the other pride members for several months, except on one occasion. It was not clear from the sighting whether or not this third lioness was lactating. It was thought likely that she may have cubs that are younger than the other cubs of the pride, or simply that she is raising her cubs separately for whatever reason. It will be interesting to see if she stays with the other two females now or not. June 2005 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 7 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 4 YEARS 2 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 9 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 7 MONTHS Location: SOUTHERN MARTHLY There were no confirmed sightings of the Mlowathi Pride in June, but a couple of sightings of a lioness with cubs could have been of the Mlowathi Pride. July 2005 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 7 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 4 YEARS 3 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 10 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 8 MONTHS Location: SOUTHERN MARTHLY There were no confirmed sightings of any of the Mlowathi Pride members in July. August 2005 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 7 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 4 YEARS 4 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 11 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 9 MONTHS Location: SOUTHERN MARTHLY There were no sightings at all of any of the Mlowathi Pride members in August. September 2005 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 7 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 4 YEARS 5 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 12 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 10 MONTHS Location: SOUTHERN MARTHLY Although there were no confirmed sightings of the Mlowathi Pride, a sighting of two young lionesses on Marthly could well have been of two members of this pride. October 2005 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 10 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 4 YEARS 6 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 13 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 11 MONTHS 3 CUBS * 3 MONTHS Location: SOUTHERN MARTHLY There was a single sighting of the Mlowathi Pride in October. Three adult lionesses and three small cubs (estimated to be about 3 months old) were seen near Matumi Rocks, on the northern bank of the Sand River . The lionesses and cubs were watching a large herd of buffalo with some interest, but then moved off into the reeds. Cubs as young as this, of course, need to keep well out of the way of buffalo, as many young cubs are killed by buffalo. The four older cubs of the pride have not been seen for some time and it is quite likely that they are dead. Before writing them off completely, however, it must be remembered that there have not been many sightings of the Mlowathi Pride at all in recent months. November 2005 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 10 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 4 YEARS 7 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 14 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 12 MONTHS 3 CUBS * 4 MONTHS Location: SOUTHERN MARTHLY No confirmed sightings. December 2005 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 10 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 4 YEARS 8 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 15 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 13 MONTHS 3 CUBS * 5 MONTHS Location: SOUTHERN MARTHLY No confirmed sightings although a lioness with four cubs matching the ages of some of the cubs of this pride were seen on one occasion on western Marthly but could not be positively identified. 2006
January / February 2006 MLOWATHI PRIDE = 10 1 ADULT LIONESS 2 LIONESSES * 4 YEARS 9 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 16 MONTHS 2 CUBS * 14 MONTHS 3 CUBS * 6 MONTHS Location: SOUTHERN MARTHLY Not seen this month. Emsegwen female
 *This image is copyright of its original author  *This image is copyright of its original author  *This image is copyright of its original author Old Mala Mala Sightings of 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005 and 2006
2000
January 2000 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NORTH EASTERN MALA MALA There was but a single confirmed sighting of the lone representative of the Emsagwen Pride, this when she was actively hunting impala. February / March / April 2000 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NORTH EASTERN MALA MALA No confirmed sightings of the single representative of the Emsagwen Pride over the last three months. May 2000 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: EASTERN MALA MALA/ MALA MALA-FLOCKFIELD BOUNDARY As has been suggested during the months of lack of sightings of the sole member of the Emsagwen Pride, this lioness has been most adequately looking after herself. The greatest problem facing her would not be, it is suspected, the catching of prey, but the keeping of the food once it has been caught. This has been seen several times in the past few years when she has had to share her prey, unwillingly, with other lions, or even abandon it to hyaenas. This month the lioness of the Emsagwen Pride was found with a young female kudu which she had killed. In this instance the food had been well concealed from scavengers and she had the luxury of at least three days of feeding - with a 'normal' pride of lions, such a sized meal would last probably less than an hour before being completed. The great tragedy with this most efficient lioness is the fact that she is fast approaching the end of her life; although she still appears in good health, she is probably close to fifteen years of age, a time when most lions can consider every day as a bonus. June 2000 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: EASTERN MALA MALA/ MALA MALA-FLOCKFIELD BOUNDARY Compared with last month when there were several sightings of the lone lioness of the Emsagwen Pride, June delivered no encounters. Given her status and area of occupation this is not surprising. July 2000 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NE EYREFIELD There were two sightings of the lone lioness and sole representative of the Emsagwen Pride this month and both were dramatic. At the first encounter, this lioness was found trying to fight off one of the young Styx Pride lionesses which, together with two young males of the Styx Pride, were eating from a freshly killed buffalo carcass. Although the Emsagwen Pride lioness gave a good account of herself and left the Styx lioness with some deep scratches, she couldn't fight her way towards the kill and left the area. The buffalo had been killed in an area deep inside what has always been Emsagwen Pride territory but which up until now has been heavily raided by other stronger families, particularly the Styx Pride. Although the Emsagwen Female has the will to defend, the very fact that she is alone will always be a disadvantage. However, perhaps in response to this, the next sighting of the Emsagwen lioness was of her mating. This has been her first known mating in over two years and hopefully will not be too late. It has frequently been speculated that since she has not been mating and is now no longer a young lioness, that this will be the end of the Emsagwen Pride. However, this may now not be the case and a new generation may be on the way to carry the genes through. However, given the roller-coaster existence of lions, hopes should not be too high. It is not known if the male lion which was mating with her is one of the two which now dominates the north western parts of the reserve, or is one of a pair which have been seen in the very north-eastern areas. August 2000 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NE EYREFIELD No sightings this month. September 2000 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NE EYREFIELD The single sighting of the lioness of the Emsagwen Pride was of her staring longingly at the large herd of buffalo as these large creatures ambled past her. As could be expected, she wisely made no moves upon them. As has been the situation over the last few years, this old lioness appeared to be in peak health. October 2000 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NE EYREFIELD The single sighting of the Emsagwen Pride lioness during October was of her staring longingly towards the large herd of buffalo which had wandered past some waterholes near which she was lying. As could be expected, nothing came of this and the buffalo were probably not even aware of her presence. This encounter was towards the middle of October, perhaps two-and-a-half months after the Emsagwen lioness was seen mating with one of the Mlowathi Males. However, there was no sign that she was pregnant. November 2000 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NE MALA MALA The single sighting of the sole representative of the Emsagwen Pride was not pretty and involved this lioness feeding off the very rottern remains of a sub adult rhino carcass. It is not certain what caused the rhino to die, but being a dedicated protein feeder in an environment where all such food is precious, the Emsagwen lioness was not going to pass up the opportunity. She was joined by the three Mlowathi Males and together the four consumed a great deal of the carcass. The lions did not bother to finish all of the meat and left much of it to a half-dozen hyaenas. December 2000 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NE MALA MALA No sightings of the lone representative of the Emsagwen Pride this month. 2001
January 2001 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NE MALA MALA No sightings of the lone representative of the Emsagwen Pride this month. February 2001 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NE MALA MALA The single sighting of the Emsagwen lioness was the first in several weeks. The big news of this encounter was the fact that she was lactating and was last seen disappearing into an inhospitable series of gullies along the upper reaches of the Matshapiri River where in past years she has been known to hide her cubs. Whatever youngsters she has represent her only litter in almost three years and present a slim chance for her genes to continue. Not only will a single lioness face an uphill battle raising cubs, but at the same time the Emsagwen lioness is getting old and so will have this to contend with as well. All that can be hoped for is that luck will smile upon her. It is highly likely that one of the Mlowathi Males fathered the cubs. March 2001 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NE MALA MALA The single sighting of the Emsagwen lioness was towards the end of March and, unhappily, it appeared as if she was no longer lactating. When seen some weeks prior to this all indications were that she had given birth to a litter of cubs, her first in over three years. April 2001 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NE MALA MALA The two encounters with the Emsagwen lioness during April confirmed last month's sightings that she is no longer lactating. Such a speedy loss of cubs and her advancing age - although she is still in fine condition - probably spell the end of any hopes that there will be lions of her genetics to take over from her when she dies. May 2001 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: SE EYREFIELD/ NW MALA MALA There were no confirmed sightings of the single lionesses of the Emsagwen Pride this month. June 2001 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NE Eyrefield There was a single sighting of the old lioness and sole representative of the Emsagwen Pride this month. She was doing nothing extraordinary and although lean looking appeared in good health. July 2001 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: NE MALA MALA No sightings of the lone representative of the Emsagwen Pride this month. August 2001 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: SE EYREFIELD There were two sightings on successive days of the old Emsagwen lioness. She is still looking in really good condition in spite of her advancing age and the fact that she has to hunt and defend her kills alone. This month she was discovered with the remains of a warthog kill close to a watering hole along the Matshapiri River. The following day she was some distance away and the kill was finished. Hyaena tracks in the area suggested that these scavengers might have moved in to steal the remains. This defence of kills would of course be a major worry for a lone lioness. With many of the water holes in the area in which the Emsagwen lioness resides still active, she probably has a relatively easy time finding enough to eat. September 2001 1 ADULT FEMALE Location: SE EYREFIELD (NOT SEEN THIS MONTH) October 2001 1 ADULT FEMALE Location : SE EYREFIELD (NOT SEEN THIS MONTH) November 2001 1 ADULT FEMALE Location :CENTRAL EYREFIELD There was one confirmed sighting of the Emsagwen Pride lioness this month. At the time she was hunting zebra and impala. Compared with groups of lions, a lone lioness could be expected to have a lower success rate in making kills. However, on the plus side, whenever a kill is made, there would not be the need to share - unless of course some competition arrives on the scene. Towards the end of this game report period there was a single sighting of a lone lioness with four young male lions to the northeast of the reserve. The lioness was potentially the Emsagwen Pride lioness and she was flirting with one of the males. With the West Street Males making inroads into the same part of the reserve worked by the Emsagwen lioness, she will no doubt feel some pressure and it will be interesting to see if she accepts these aging lions, particularly given her last three years of isolation and the fact that younger male lions are also in the area. December 2001 There were two sightings of the old Emsagwen lioness, sole representative of the Emsagwen Pride, this month. In the first sighting towards the beginning of this report-period, the lioness was together with four young males which appear to be taking over at least part of the territory vacated by the Mlowathi Males several months ago. Whilst the lions were resting up - all with full bellies - two of the West Street Males appeared on the scene. To cut a long story short, the West Street Males were routed, this amidst a great deal of roaring and snarling. Whilst this was happening, the lioness vanished, wanting no part of the fight. As reluctant as the Emsagwen lioness appears in accepting male lions, she would no doubt benefit more from the young males than the ageing West Street Males. The second encounter with the Emsagwen lioness was more typical - all alone and looking quite content. One wonders what will happen now that young males seem to have moved into her area and have already sought her out. Will she have one last go at producing babies so that her family line continues, or is it already too late? 2002
January 2002 Location: SE EYREFIELD/ NE MALA MALA The lone lioness of the Emsagwen Pride was seen at least twice this month, once with one of the young males of the coalition of four which have entered the area in which she typically resides. The next few months will prove interesting if the Emsagwen lioness is perhaps pregnant, a mating potentially having taken place towards the end of November. February 2002 Location: SE EYREFIELD There were several sightings of this old lioness, all within less than a week of each other and all within an area considered prime Emsagwen Pride territory. This area is certainly used by others too, but the old Emsagwen lioness still maintains herself within it. Observations this month suggested that she may well be pregnant. Towards the end of November last year, a sighting of the Emsagwen lioness had her soliciting amongst the four male lions which have recently moved into the northeastern parts of Mala Mala. Although no matings were seen, they could have occurred and if successful, cubs could be expected in early or mid-March. March 2002 No confirmed sightings of the lone lioness of the Emsagwen Pride this month. April 2002 Location: NE EYREFIELD There was perhaps one sighting of the lone Emsagwen Pride lioness - a single lioness following the large herd of buffalo close to the northeastern parts of the reserve. Unfortunately the identification of the lioness could not be confirmed. 2004
May 2002 - July 2004 Location: NE EYREFIELD No confirmed sightings of this old lioness this month August 2004 EMSAGWEN PRIDE = 1 1 LIONESS Location: NORTH-EASTERN EYREFIELD The biggest surprise of the year so far has been the re-appearance of the old Emsagwen Pride lioness, seen on two occasions in the north-east of the reserve. This large lioness is at least 17 years old, and has for a long time hunted alone. She disappeared about two years ago, when the Clarendon Pride started spending a fair amount of time in her old hunting grounds, and there was good reason to believe that this pride had killed her. For a 17-year old lioness, the Emsagwen Female is certainly impressive, and she still appears to be in very good condition. On one occasion she was seen digging determinedly into a warthog burrow in a termite mound, but her efforts were not rewarded with a meal. Lionesses have been known to live past 20 years in captivity, and there is no reason why a large, strong lioness like the Emsagwen Female should not reach such an age in the wild. September 2004 EMSAGWEN PRIDE = 1 1 LIONESS * approximately 17 YEARS Location: NORTH-EASTERN EYREFIELD The old Emsagwen lioness, which made a surprise return in August, was not seen during the September game report period. October 2004 EMSAGWEN PRIDE = 1 1 LIONESS * 17 YEARS Location: NORTH-EASTERN EYREFIELD There were no confirmed sightings of the old Emsagwen lioness during October, but a lioness seen in the company of an adult male lion, might well have been her. November 2004 EMSAGWEN PRIDE 1 LIONESS (APPROXIMATELY 17 YEARS) The old Emsagwen lioness was not seen this month. December 2004 EMSAGWEN PRIDE 1 LIONESS (APPROXIMATELY 17 YEARS) There were two sightings during December, on consecutive days, of the single old lioness of the Emsagwen Pride. Characteristically, she was a little edgy of vehicles when first approached, but soon settled down to accept them. Her canines are quite worn, as would be expected with such an old lioness, but her overall condition is still remarkably good. She is clearly successful as a hunter, and being solitary, she does not have to compete with other lions once she makes a kill. It is unlikely that she will ever have another litter of cubs, but she could still have a few good years in her. We hope so! 2005
January / February / March 2005EMSAGWEN PRIDE 1 LIONESS (APPROXIMATELY 18 YEARS) No confirmed sightings in January. April / May 2005 EMSAGWEN PRIDE 1 LIONESS (APPROXIMATELY 18 YEARS) The old Emsagwen lioness has not been seen for a few months, but she could pitch up at any time, most likely in the north-eastern corner of the reserve. December 2005 One old, large lioness, the Emsegwen female, was seen only once north of Buffalo Bush Dam and appeared to be lactating and generally in good health as she continues to defy the odds and survive on her own, well beyond the expected longevity of any female lion. 2006
January 2006The large lioness (Emsegwen female) was seen on one occasion on the KNP break south of Clarendon Dam. She still appeared to be lactating. Ridge Rocks Males
Old Mala Mala Sightings of 2002, 2003 and 2004
2002
July 2002 Three adult male lions: These were seen with the Charleston Pride and are no doubt the three which have been around this family for the last year-and-a-half or so and are the fathers of their cubs. One of these male lions is quite relaxed in the presence of vehicles whilst the other two are quite apprehensive when approached. Sightings of them together with the Charleston Pride and their cubs occurred on successive days towards the end of July. Indications are that, with the Charleston Pride lionesses having had cubs, the three have been turning their attentions towards the Windmill Pride which usually works the land to the north of the Charleston Pride. But, for the cubs of the Charleston Pride to survive, its good to see that these three are still making an appearance in the area. August 2002 These three seem to control members of the Windmill Pride as well as the Charleston Pride, hence occupying the central east and southeastern parts of the reserve. One of these males, which has an obvious growth on his belly, tolerates vehicles, but the other two do not. There was only one sighting of all three of these males during August, this at the end of the month when they were seen with one of the Charleston Pride lionesses. It is not known whether she was in season and they were perhaps looking to mate with her. There were several occasions when at least two of these lions were with one or other of the prides which they control. But taking responsibilities of different and competing families of female dominated lions can give rise to dilemmas, as was witnessed this month when the Charleston and Windmill Pride came face to face. At the time, two of the male lions were with the Windmill Pride. The lions were not seen to actually fight, but were certainly aware of each other. Perhaps the presence of the males was enough to keep them apart. A nervous male lion seen this month running into the reeds of the Sand River with the remains of a carcass was not identified, but was in all likelihood one of these three males. Earlier that day and in that area, at least one of the three males was seen with the Charleston Pride and it is almost certain that they had made a kill and that this lion had stolen it. Later on in the month two of them were seen to do this again when out hunting with the Charleston Pride and they killed an impala. But having male lions steal food is probably only a small price to pay for the stability which they invariably bring to the area and the lives of the lionesses and their cubs. September 2002 Three adult male lions: These three male lions, which control both the Charleston and Windmill Prides, were not seen often this month. Two of them were found on NE Toulon close to the Sand River and there were two further sightings of one of them with members of the Charleston Pride. Since the Windmill Pride was not seen this month and these males were also scarce, it is assumed that they spent most of September with the Windmill Pride. October 2002 The three male lions, one with a growth of sorts on its belly, which control the Charleston and Windmill Prides, were seen on only a few occasions this month. However, they still appear to be firmly in control of their territory. On one occasion one of them was seen on the eastern parts of the Charleston/ Toulon Boundary whilst the other two were encountered that evening quite far to the west of this, out on patrol along what really must be their boundary with the three Rollercoaster Males. There were four occasions during October when at least one of these males was seen together with the Charleston Pride lionesses. At the only sighting of the Windmill Pride this month, two of the males were also present. November 2002 At least two of these male lions were seen this month, both sightings of a pair of them being on the southeastern parts of the reserve. On the one occasion they came across the Rock Drift Male leopard with the remains of an impala kill in a small tree. The leopard fled and the lions climbed the tree and stole the scraps of the carcass. There was one sighting of one of these male lions with two of the Charleston Pride lionesses on western Charleston, east of the Sand River. This area is considered to be the western limit of their territory, the Rollercoaster Males occupying the areas further west of this and the West Street Males the land to the north. It is thought that these three male lions are probably spending a fair amount of time with the Windmill Pride which probably have small cubs fathered by these males. December 2002 These lions were seen several times this month, all encounters being on eastern Charleston and eastern Toulon. The Windmill Pride was seen regularly this month and often together with at least one of these male lions. Since the Windmill Pride have small cubs, it is thought that they are attracting much of these lions' attentions. There was only one sighting of all three of these males together, this on southeastern Toulon in an area often used by the Charleston Pride. 2003
January 2003 These lions occupy the southeastern and central-southern parts of the reserve. There were no sightings of all of them together and the only sightings were of a single one with members of the Windmill Pride. February 2003 There were no sightings of all three Ridge Rocks Males together and none of any of them not in the company of lionesses. There were sightings of as many as two of the Ridge Rocks Males together with lionesses from the Windmill Pride and with lionesses from the Charleston Pride. Some evidence suggests that at least one of the young lionesses of the Charleston Pride has given birth and this arrival of cubs may attract the attentions of the Ridge Rocks Males, curious of the newcomers. The success of the Windmill Pride in raising cubs is being seriously questioned; by months end only three of the eight babies seen at the beginning of December were still around. One wonders what the Ridge Rocks Males feel about this. Towards months end, the three Rollercoaster Males, the trio which hold the area to the west of the Ridge Rocks Males, killed a buffalo calf deep within Ridge Rocks Males territory. The Rollercoaster Males certainly did not stay long, but the Ridge Rocks Males were not particularly quick to respond to this incursion. Four younger male lions were also seen feeding on a buffalo kill in the Sand River just to the south of the central parts of the Charleston/ Toulon boundary. The identity of these four or five-year-old lions was not established and they did not stay long. Two days later, however, two of the Ridge Rocks Males and three of the Charleston Pride lionesses were found close to Kirkman's Kamp, which was not far from where the four lions had been eating the buffalo, and all were very vocal, roaring for every other lion in the surrounding area to hear. No doubt this was a clear message to deter any potential invaders. The four male lions were not seen again this month. March 2003 There were not many sightings of the Ridge Rocks Males this month and not more than two of them were seen at a time. There were no encounters of them together the Windmill Pride, although they did seem to pay attention to the Charleston Pride, some of which may have young cubs. Indications, however, are that they are still firmly in control of the southeastern parts of the reserve. April 2003 All three of the Ridge Rocks Males were seen this month, but never all together and mostly accompanying lionesses from either the Charleston or Windmill Prides. Of these two prides of lionesses, it was with the Charleston Pride that they were seen to spend most of their time. One of the three Ridge Rocks Males is very emaciated, perhaps as a result of contracting bovine tuberculosis, and is not expected to survive for very much longer. Already some of the other lions which are familiar with him are starting to show aggression towards him, as if they realise that he will not be around for very much longer and will have nothing to contribute to their survival and so is already a liability to them. Such is the life of lions where every scrap of food is precious and not to be wasted on unproductive others. May 2003 All three of the Ridge Rocks Male lions were seen this month, but never at the same time. There were a couple of sightings of two of the males together, these when they were with lionesses from the Charleston Pride. One of the Ridge Rocks Males is now very emaciated, perhaps as a result of Bovine Tuberculosis; the other two still appear in quite good health. The only sighting of one of the Ridge Rocks Males together with the Windmill Pride, the other family of lionesses under their control, was in response to the appearance of a young male lion in the area of where some members of the Windmill Pride were resting. All lions, young male included, were very fat and had probably been sharing the same meal. But the Windmill Pride lionesses were certainly not happy with the presence of this young male and the arrival the next day of the Ridge Rocks Male was perhaps not unexpected. The identity of the young lion, perhaps four or so years of age, was not established, but it was apparently accustomed to vehicles and could well have been from the Windmill Pride originally. Just why the Ridge Rocks Males seem to be spending more time with the three young lionesses of the Charleston Pride compared with what they spend with the Windmill Pride is not known. Although it has been thought for some time now that the former may have young cubs and that this would raise the curiosity of their fathers, the Ridge Rocks Males, no youngsters have so far been seen. June 2003 At least two of the Ridge Rocks Males were seen this month. There were at least four sightings of one of these males together with members of the Windmill Pride and none of them with the other family of lionesses under their control, the Charleston Pride. But, since the latter lions were hardly encountered at all during June, it could very well have been that they were with them more often than sightings suggested. These Ridge Rocks Males appear to be in poor condition, this almost certainly a consequence of some wasting disease such as bovine tuberculosis. July 2003 The only sighting of more than one member of this coalition of males was when two were seen together; on this occasion they were alone and not with any of the lionesses which they control. One of the male lions, the one with what appears to be an umbilical hernia and which seems to be the most dominant of the trio, was seen with most of the Windmill Pride lions towards the beginning of the report-period when they were eating a buffalo bull on eastern Flockfield. Half-way through the month there was almost a repeat of this but on NE Toulon, on the southern bank of the Sand River and to the west of where the Sand meets with the Chellahanga River. All three of the Ridge Rocks Males are looking emaciated, perhaps the result of bovine tuberculosis; nonetheless, they still seem to find the energy to do what is necessary to remain in power. August 2003 Only one of the Ridge Rocks Males was seen this month and this at the very beginning of the report period when one of them, together with the two Charleston Pride lionesses on NW Charleston, was chased off by the Rollercoaster Males and two Selati Pride females. This event may have frightened the Ridge Rocks Males away, but, truth is too, with the Windmill Pride probably way to the east of the reserve, it is probably this which kept them out, rather than conflict with other males on a common boundary. September 2003 There were no sightings of all three Ridge Rocks Males together and some doubt exists as to whether all three are even alive. The one Ridge Rocks Male is in really poor condition, this almost certainly the results of the ravages of bovine tuberculosis and one cannot see how it will survive for much longer. Although he was seen several times with one of his coalition members and with the two Charleston Pride lionesses, it is doubtful that he has the strength to get enough food at small kills. Towards months end, he was seen, all alone, scavenging from a buffalo carcass which had been killed by the Eyrefield Pride and West Street Males. Quite surprisingly, these other lions paid scant attention to the emaciated old Ridge Rocks Male, perhaps realising that he was just too far-gone to represent any sort of threat. Now, when the coalition does fall apart, what will happen? Will other male lions come in from the east or will the Rollercoaster Males move in from the west? October 2003 The Ridge Rocks Males may very soon be no more. One of them died this month, finally succumbing to what was probably bovine tuberculosis. It is not certain whether both of his companions are still alive or not. Certainly at least one is and, at the end of the report-period, this lion, also looking emaciated, was seen all alone on two successive days, on NE Toulon. One of the Ridge Rocks Males was seen accompanying the Charleston Pride near the beginning of this report-period and then, a week after, one, perhaps this same individual, was seen with Windmill Pride. November 2003 It's uncertain whether both Ridge Rock Males are still alive. It may be that the only surviving member of this trio is the one with the growth on his belly. Although this male lion was seen on his own towards the beginning of the game-report-period, he stayed with first the Charleston Pride and then, for the last nearly two weeks, with the Windmill Pride. Just prior to him joining up with the Charleston Pride (when he helped them eat a male kudu), he had been looking quite beaten and bedraggled, but, towards months end, after having had several weeks of good food, was appearing a great deal healthier. Whilst he was with the Windmill Pride, he no doubt bullied his way into some small kills, but also shared two young elephants with them, these having died of natural causes. It will be interesting to see for just how much longer this male lion can still soldier on. December 2003 It is thought that only one of the Ridge Rocks Males is still alive, this the lion with the growth on his belly. He was seen a couple of times with some members of the Windmill Pride and then several times on his own. With his companions gone and his own health apparently not that good, the future doesn't look that rosy for this old lion. Already some younger male lions have been seen towards the southern and eastern parts of the reserve, area considered Ridge Rocks Male territory. A young male lion was seen near the middle of December, close to the eastern limits of the Charleston/ Toulon boundary, and then, a week later, two young males (maybe the first one with a companion) were also seen in this same area, almost certainly exploring what has to be a poorly male-lion-controlled region. 2004
January 2004 There was only one sighting of one of the Ridge Rocks Males this month and this at the very beginning of the report-period when he was seen with members of the Windmill Pride. If this male, probably the sole survivor of the trio which arrived in this area several years ago, isn't now dead, he's most certainly not a force to be reckoned with and already other male lions are testing the area which he and his brothers once controlled. A young male lion, quite shy of landrovers, was seen near southeastern Charleston towards the beginning of January and then, towards the end of the month, three male lions, all apparently young adults and also wary of vehicles, were found on northern central Toulon. These three lions slipped into the reeds of the Sand River soon after they were spotted, but chances are that they'll be back, watchful of landrovers probably because they've grown up in some or other wilderness area of the nearby Kruger National Park where vehicles are hardly ever seen, but lured by the territory vacated by the Ridge Rocks Males and the lionesses which this territory contains. The old Golf Course Males
 *This image is copyright of its original author Old Mala Mala Sightings of 2001 and 2002
2001
January 2001 Three adult male lions - Golf Course Males: These male lions have been in the south-western parts of the reserve for some months now and have taken the area over from the Kingston Males. Their name reflects the area on Mala Mala known as "the Golf Course", a place where they are frequently found. As far as can be ascertained, they have so far dominated one pride of lions, these known as the Selati Pride, and comprise four adult lionesses. At least two of these females may be lactating. Hopefully these three males will bring stability into this area and this will encourage the Charleston Pride to return on a more regular basis. February 2001 There were several encounters with the Golf Course Males this month, some of these of them together with the Selati Pride. So far the Golf Course Males do not appear to be making much effort to cross to the eastern bank of the Sand River. All sightings of these lions were in the south western parts of Mala Mala March 2001 Three adult male lions - Golf Course Males: The Golf Course Males were encountered several times during March, both with and away from females. All three males were with three of the Selati Pride Females when the latter introduced three new cubs (estimated to be approximately 6 weeks old) to game-drive vehicles. In a most dramatic development in the social life of lions, the Golf Course Males this month were seen to make acquaintances with the lionesses of the Charleston Pride. In the first encounter, some lionesses of the Selati Pride were also present and the interaction was, as could be expected, aggressive. From the fact that the Charleston Pride then moved away from the area currently controlled by the Selati Pride, the family of females which the Golf Course Males have so far concentrated upon, indicates that they probably came off second-best in this encounter. However, the Charleston Pride lionesses did not move far away and later in the month there was another brief encounter between them and the Golf Course Males, with some hint that one of the females may have been in oestrus. At this sighting the one male lion was seen to steal the scraps of an impala kill from the Chellahanga Female leopard. Generally speaking, signs look good for the Golf Course Males to cross to the northern bank of the Sand River and also claim the Charleston Pride. April 2001 Aside from the lone male lion seen with the Windmill Pride, the Golf Course Males were the only other male lions seen in the southern areas of the reserve this month. They spent all of their time on the southern and western side of the Sand River and were not seen to attempt to cross it. This is perhaps why they lone male referred to earlier has shown some interest in the area - there has not been any sign of other males and with lionesses and prey unattended, it is opportunity waiting. May 2001 Golf Course Males: These male lions control the south-western parts of Mala Mala and, relative to previous months, there were few sightings of them and none of all three together. Towards the end of April, one of the males was seen mating with one of the lionesses of the Selati Pride and then towards the end of May, another mating was observed although in this case the lioness was not identified. It is highly likely that she was part of the Selati Pride. June 2001 Three adult male lions - Golf Course Males: The sightings of the Golf Course Males during June were all on SW Toulon. In some ways this was disappointing, since it has been hoped that they would move more east and north and so secure territory which would effectively include the Charleston Pride and get on with the business of fathering cubs. However, their time seems to be quite taken up with the Selati Pride, a family of lionesses far larger than was initially suggested by the four which spent such a long time on Mala Mala several months ago. July 2001 The Golf Course Males were seen regularly with the lionesses of the Selati Pride during July, all sightings being on SW Toulon. Towards the end of the month all of these lions, cubs included, were found with a freshly killed adult male giraffe close to the banks of the Msuthu River. Several days of good feeding resulted from this huge meal. Although the Golf Course Males kept letting the females know that they were in charge, they were probably most instrumental in killing the giraffe and all lions feasted. On the afternoon before the giraffe was killed, the Golf Course Males demonstrated that they were no slouches when it came to hunting, catching an impala from a herd which the females had just run in on and missed. When the lionesses were in the process of circling the prey, the male lions were of course waiting for things to happen, but after it was apparent that nothing had been caught once some of the females had rushed in, the males advanced and caught an impala trying to break back. The males then fought amongst themselves and one or two of the luckier lionesses had to make do with the barest of scraps. All of the attention directed at the Selati Pride has meant that the Golf Course Males have really failed to make much effort to control any territory occupied by the Charleston Pride, one of which may well have cubs sired by these male lions. Already other male lions appear to be moving into these areas - two being seen with the Charleston Pride this month. The question is whether the Golf Course Males will take it or move in to secure the area. Time will tell. August 2001 Three adult male lions - Golf Course Males: The Golf Course Males appear to be reaching the beginning of their prime; they arrived in the area not yet physically mature and replaced two aging male lions. Now, in the year or so that they have been in charge, they have developed physically and socially and all looks good for them and the Selati Pride. Just how the Golf Course Males fit in with the Charleston Pride, however, remains a mystery. The single lioness from the Charleston Pride which has cubs seems to be keeping her babies close to where the Golf Course Males roam, whilst the three other lionesses of the pride seem to be doing all they can to avoid these males. Towards the beginning of the game-report period, one of the Golf Course Males made a long trek towards the Chellahanga River where he, apparently alone, chased off two of the Charleston Pride lionesses from a zebra kill. Once he had eaten the remains, he headed straight back to where the other males were. Why he should have done this is a mystery. There have been no signs of the two other male lions which the Charleston Pride was seen with last month. One of the Golf Course Males appears to be spending more time with the lionesses of the Selati Pride than the other two do. It is not known where these two go to when not with their companion; perhaps they are with another pride or perhaps they are simply out patrolling territory. September 2001 Three adult male lions - Golf Course Males: The three Golf Course Males maintained a presence on the south-westerly parts of the reserve, but were not as noticeable in September as compared to previous months. With five younger male lions appearing to their north and the Selati Pride seemingly moving west, the 'need' to be in this area may not have been as high as in the recent past. The movement of the Charleston Pride cubs away from the Golf Course Males has indicated that they were almost certainly not the fathers. And with this relative absence of the Golf Course Males and the Selati Pride, the Charleston Pride and the two other males often seen with them (not encountered during September and slightly nervous at this stage and almost certainly the fathers of the cubs) may move further west and work areas which in the past were considered prime Charleston Pride domain. October 2001 Three adult male lions - Golf Course Males: The three Golf Course Males were seen only once this month and this right towards the very end. With the Selati Pride having moved westwards, the Golf Course Males probably followed, perhaps nervous that the five young male lions which have also been hovering around the area could, in their absence, seek out the lionesses. November 2001 Three adult male lions - Golf Course Males: Seen three times this month, twice with the Selati Pride. These dominant males of the southwestern parts of the reserve still seem to be in complete control of their territory. December 2001 The three Golf Course Males were seen several times this month, often together with the Selati Pride or in the general vicinity of the cubs of the Golf Course Pride. There was some evidence which suggested that they may have had an interaction with the four or five young male lions which seem to have been trying to establish themselves to the west of the Sand River in-between the areas occupied by the West Street Males to their north and the Golf Course Males to their south. Four of these young male lions were seen this month in an area which had been visited by some of the Eyrefield Pride and West Street Males a few days earlier. 2002
January 2002 The Golf Course Males spent the month of January doing what could be expected of them and staying generally within the confines of what has become recognised as being their territory, this the south western parts of the reserve to the west and south of the Sand River. However, towards the end of January, all three of these lions made a deliberate crossing onto the eastern bank of the Sand River and moved far east, towards areas close to the central-south of Mala Mala. Just why they would have done this is anyone's guess. Perhaps it was just something they wanted to do for no apparent reason. Otherwise they spent time patrolling or together with some of the members of the Selati Pride. February 2002 There was not a single sighting of the Selati Pride when the Golf Course Males were not present. All of these sightings were on the southwestern parts of the reserve. Of the 8 or so cubs which these lions fathered from the Selati Pride last year, only two were still alive at months end, one of them having died during February. But what has happened to the others? After such a promising start to things, this sort of survival is not so good for a strong coalition of male lions. Are there perhaps other competing male lions snapping at their heals and already harassing the Selati Pride? There are indeed some young male lions moving about the peripheries of the area considered to belong to the Golf Course Males, but they seem to understand that the territory is still strongly held. March 2002 There were sightings of the Golf Course Males throughout this game-report period, all of these encounters of the lions alone, except for one right at the end of the month when they were with the Selati Pride. In some ways male lion dynamics may have stabilised slightly in this area, with the various groups of male lions reaching an 'agreement' as regards territorial boundaries. The Golf Course Males still seem to roar frequently, a sign that they are healthy and confidant of their own powers. April 2002 Three adult male lions - Golf Course Males: The Golf Course Males did not seem to do anything terribly adventurous during April and were seen with the Selati Pride only at the very beginning of this game report period. Otherwise they were seen together, patrolling their territory which includes the southwestern parts of the reserve. May 2002 Three adult male lions - Golf Course Males: The Golf Course Males were seen only once or twice this month and then within their territory which includes western Toulon. It is thought that they are staying largely with the Selati Pride which has also been noticeable by their absence, perhaps due to one or two of them having given birth to new litters of cubs. But this does not mean that the Golf Course Males can afford to relax down. On the contrary. At one stage this month, the same four male lions, which, earlier in May, were chased from the central regions by the West Street Males, were found deep within Golf Course Male lion territory. No interaction between the various coalitions was witnessed, but at the only other sighting of members of these four later in the month, only three were present and one was limping and looking quite emaciated. June 2002 The Golf Course Males had an interesting month. They seemed to spend most of the time in the southwest of the reserve, an area which is regarded as being their territory, staying with the Selati Pride. But on one occasion, and goodness knows what made them do it, but they and most of the Selati Pride wandered far north, probably with the intentions of finding food. When they were way out of what is really regarded as their territory, they heard a buffalo being killed by other lions - probably the Eyrefield Pride - and headed that way, intent no doubt on an easy meal. Unfortunately access to the area was not possible by vehicle and so the exact happenings were not seen. At the time at least two of the West Street Males, the lions in charge of the Eyrefield Pride and the area in which the buffalo had been killed, were not present and so the three Golf Course Males may well have had an easy time in chasing off the lions on the carcass and perhaps even inflicting damage to those lions, most notably cubs, which happened to be there. Two days later the Golf Course Males were back in the south of the reserve. But this foray with its violence, which may have at least gone partly the way of the Golf Course Males, did not send fear through other lions. Later on in the month, the four young male lions which seem to reside in the territory which separates the usual wanderings of the West Street Males and Golf Course Males, made their way south and were found deep within territory thought to be pure Golf Course Males territory. Here these male lions set about scent-marking and roaring, a display of brutal power which had to be a direct challenge to the Golf Course Males. Some roaring was heard in response to that of the four young males, but no Golf Course Males came to investigate. Instead, if anything, the response-roaring, assumed to be the Golf Course Males, retreated. July 2002 Three adult male lions - Golf Course Males: The Golf Course Males were not seen very often this month and it may be that they have been kept away by the four male lions which live to their north and which have been getting increasingly threatening. One sighting of three of these four had them mating with a lioness, identified as one of the Selati Pride, the family of lions which resides within the Golf Course Males' territory. If the lionesses of the Selati Pride are seeking other lions, what does this say about their confidence in the Golf Course Males? August 2002 Three adult male lions - Golf Course Males: The three Golf Course Males were not seen during August and it may well be that they have been pushed out of their territory by the three (perhaps four) male lions (one of which has only one eye). This month saw one of the Selati Pride lionesses with these three 'new' males and the Golf Course Males were not seen to respond. September 2002 Three adult male lions - Golf Course Males: These lions were not seen during September and may never be seen again. All indications are that they have been kicked out of their territory by the three male lions, one with only one eye, which have, over the last few months, systematically moved into the southwestern parts of the reserve, areas which the Golf Course Males used to control. The Rollercoaster Males
 *This image is copyright of its original author Old Mala Mala Sightings of 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005/6, 2007, 2008 and 2010
2002
March 2002Four adult male lions: These four male lions are the survivors of five which were first seen in the central-western parts of the reserve half-a-year-or-so ago. They seem to have established themselves in the area of land between the Golf Course Males to their south and the West Street Males further north. It is not known what happened to the fifth, but much in the violent lives lived by these large cats could so easily have killed him. Giving testimony to what they have to face on nearly a daily basis was one of these lions which appeared one day missing one of its eyes, this a recent injury and perhaps from a well-placed buffalo horn. These four male lions may well have originated from the Charleston Pride, having left that family over one-and-a-half years ago. Interestingly, these lions spent much of March on the eastern bank of the Sand River, roaming the area of Charleston. This they did before heading back to the western bank where they may have cubs with some lionesses thought to be members of the Eyrefield Pride, these coerced from the other members of this family which still have cubs fathered by the West Street Males. Whilst on the eastern bank of the Sand River it is not known whether they actually met up with the Charleston Pride, but the latter did not seem particularly concerned about their presence. And they simply had to have known about it; the four male lions were certainly very evident, splitting into two pairs and roaming all over, following buffalo and hunting regularly. The fact that the Charleston Pride did not flee the area when these four male arrived may be an indication that they are indeed familiar with them, this from their early days as pride members. One of the more fascinating sightings involving these four male lions was of them digging up a warthog from it burrow inside a termite mound. All four of the lions were found out on the prowl one evening when they veered off the road towards the burrow. After sniffing around for a while and listening carefully, the lions started to excavate the mound, sometimes working in pairs, sometimes alone, but digging methodically and with their paws. The evening drew on and the lions were eventually left hard at work. The sighting was taken over by Kim Wolhuter, the resident photographer/ filmmaker on Mala Mala who saw them, six hours later, hauling out an adult male warthog. Earlier in the game-report-period the lions delivered another fine piece of action. This happened when two of them moved far north on the eastern bank of the Sand River and encountered the large herd of buffalo which they set about pursuing. The buffalo were aware of the lions and moved steadily away from them. But a couple of day-old calves were amongst the buffalo and these held some of them up. When the buffalo reached the Matshapiri River, the two lions circled around and managed to isolate a group of 40 or so buffalo which were with the small calves. And then it was a waiting game until the lions ran in and both calves were caught. The following day the other two male lions of this group were seen chasing after the small herd of buffalo near the central-west of Mala Mala and then following them for some time. So, a powerful force of young male lions! The next few months will prove interesting in seeing where they end up and whether they will continue to use the eastern bank of the Sand River. April 2002 Four adult male lions (one missing an eye): These four male lions were seen several times throughout the course of the month. At one stage they were seen way to the southeast of the reserve close to the confluence of the Chellahanga and the Sand Rivers. On another occasion they were found on the western bank of the Sand River towards the centre of the reserve, this time following a large group of buffalo. The last sightings of these four were at the end of the report period when they were in the central-west of the reserve, mating with the youngest lioness of the Eyrefield Pride. It has been suspected that perhaps half of the lionesses of the Eyrefield Pride were coerced away from the others by this coalition. This happened half a year or more ago and it is suspected that these lionesses now have cubs fathered by these males. May 2002 Four adult male lions (one missing an eye): These male lions had a dismal month. After ending April having mated with one of the Eyrefield lionesses, they started this game-viewing period by 'invading' areas to the north of their range, chasing buffalo. But instead of emerging victorious with kills and perhaps also territory under their belts, they were soundly routed by the resident male lions, these the older three West Street Males. From the north they went south, inside territory controlled by the Golf Course Males. But here nothing was seen to happen, although at the only other sighting of members of this coalition later on in the month, only three were present, one of which was emaciated and limping, these apparently the result of a severe thrashing, almost certainly at the hands of other lions. Nevertheless, as bleak as their recent weeks have been, these lions were still defiant and as they walked and limped away, they roared loudly for others to hear. So is it over for them or not? Has their challenge for power been beaten back or are they still learning and now taking time to regroup to return at some later date? June 2002 Four adult male lions (one missing his left eye): These four lions, which had a dismal May when the West Street Males fought with them and won, seemed to have had a better June. They were first seen towards the end of this game-report period after over a month of absence. All four suddenly resurfaced close to Kirkmans Camp, deep within Golf Course Males territory, and engaged in a blatant display of strength - scent-marking and roaring - actions designed to intimidate rival males. There seemed to be some response from the Golf Course Males, but none of them were seen to come forward to meet these challengers. But that is where it seemed to end for the month. Was this a testing exercise and will more follow? Did the Golf Course Males later arrive to repulse them and if so did they make a good showing and so scare off the four males? July 2002 Four adult male lions (one missing his left eye): Although all four of these males were seen this month, there was not one sighting of them together. On one day, at the very beginning of this game report period, three of the four were seen towards the south of the reserve, whilst the fourth one was many kilometres further north. For the remainder of the month, the only encounters with any of these four was of three together. It was not established if it was always the same three or if the sightings included all four. But the interesting thing with these lions is the area in which they roam. So far, in addition to the central-south and west of Mala Mala, they seem to go all the way south, into areas patrolled by the Charleston Pride. But these forays do not seem to threaten the Charleston Pride and when seen this way during July, it was probably mostly for hunting purposes. Some evidence suggests that these males are in fact brothers, half brothers and even a cousin of the Charleston Pride lionesses and so, being familiar with them perhaps puts them at ease. But the main focus in terms of territory for the four seems to be the western parts of Charleston, west of the Sand River and perhaps further south of this, towards the areas held by the Golf Course Males. There was one sighting of three of these males mating with a lioness thought to be from the Selati Pride. August 2002 There were no sightings of all four of these lions together, but several of three of them. There were perhaps three encounters with the fourth member of the coalition. Indications are that this fourth lion of the group is not in a good way and may even have died by the end of this game-report period. Nevertheless, the other three seem to be going from strength to strength when if comes to their 'invasion' of the southwestern parts of the reserve and the ousting of the Golf Course Males. The behaviour of these three males in this particular area is without doubt designed to provoke the Golf Course Males and has involved roaring, scent-marking, hunting in this area and the courting of lionesses of the Selati Pride, the family which up until now seems to have been under the control of the Golf Course Males. September 2002 These three male lions were seen several times during September, all sightings being on Western Toulon and SW Charleston, areas which up until recently were under the control of the Golf Course Males. The latter appear to have been run off by these other three which have been around for over a year now, originally as a group of five. Thoughts too are that the four of the five were originally from the Charleston Pride and the fifth from the River Rocks Pride, cousins of the Charleston Pride. And with the territory should come lionesses. The pride resident in the area which the surviving three males have taken residence in is the Selati Pride and they have been somewhat scarce, probably torn between following their old protectors, the Golf Course Males, and weathering the upheaval caused by the new trio of male lions. Although it is known that members of the Selati Pride have in past months made acquaintances with these three male lions, there were no sightings during September of any lionesses together with the males. October 2002 The Rollercoaster Males were seen several times this month, all sightings being on NW Toulon or western Charleston to the west of the Sand River. Although this trio of lions has certainly ousted the Golf Course Males, the extent of their domination over the lionesses of the area is unclear. They were seen with lionesses this month, on one occasion hunting with them and stealing a kill which they had made. On another occasion, male lions, almost certainly the Rollercoaster Males, were seen acting aggressively with lionesses and youngsters. It is not certain whether the lionesses were members of the Selati Pride or some other family of lions. November 2002 Only one member of the Rollercoaster Males was seen this month, eating an adult male impala. It is not certain whether he killed it or simply stole it from another weaker predator. The Rollercoaster Males are thought to be spending time to the west of the southern parts of Mala Mala, consolidating territory in this area. December 2002 There were only two sightings of the Rollercoaster Males during the December-game-report-period, these 10 days apart and both towards the SW parts of the reserve, west of the Sand River. On both occasions they were accompanying two lionesses. The identity of these lionesses is not known. Are they perhaps part of the Selati Pride or do they represent another pride of lions which has moved in to take advantage of the chaos sowed when the Rollercoaster Males ousted the Golf Course Males from this area some months ago? It was probably these same two lionesses which were seen towards the end of the month near Kirkman's Kamp, this time minus the Rollercoaster Males. The Rollercoaster Males
 *This image is copyright of its original author 2003
January 2003 The Rollercoaster Male lions were seen several times this month, sometimes accompanying lionesses. All sightings were either on NW Toulon or western Charleston, west of the Sand River, the area which these males have controlled for the last six months or so. It is not certain just how many lionesses these males control nor which pride they belong to. It is thought that perhaps at least three different lionesses have been seen with the Rollercoaster Males, but never more than two at a time. One of the lionesses is missing the tip of its tail. The Selati Pride, the family which used to live in this part of the reserve, seems to have disappeared with the Golf Course Males, the male lions run off by the Rollercoaster Males. February 2003 There were only two sightings of any of the Rollercoaster Males this month; one was seen at the very beginning of February and then all three were encountered at the very end of this game-report-period. But it was this last sighting which was quite interesting. The lions were found just to the south of the Sand River on NE Toulon, eating a baby buffalo. Now this area has for the last two years or so been considered to be territory of the Ridge Rocks Males. When the Rollercoaster Males finished their meal, they did not stay long and headed back west, roaring as they went. Was this incursion of theirs a once-off event, the consequence of falling to temptation, or will there be repeats? Evidence suggests that the Rollercoaster Males are brothers of the three younger Charleston Pride lionesses and previous wanderings of these male lions in territory covered by the Charleston Pride did not excite the females, so perhaps they will not threaten the Charleston Pride. But the Ridge Rocks Males may feel threatened and respond. March 2003 Most sightings of the Rollercoaster Males were where one would expect them to be, that being the southwestern parts of the reserve and to the south and west of the Sand River. However, towards the middle of the month, the three Rollercoaster Male lions crossed north through the Sand River below Kirkman's Kamp and then proceeded north for a few kilometres before crossing onto the western bank once more. Interestingly, the three Golf Course Males, which the Rollercoaster Males took over from, used to behave in a similar fashion once in a while. This outing by the Rollercoaster Males may simply have been in the interests of maintaining current territories, or it could of course have been an exploratory push, the start of territorial expansion. April 2003 Only one of the Rollercoaster Males was seen during April, and this right at the end of the game-report period, accompanying a lioness identified as being from the Selati Pride. The two were hunting but were not seen to catch anything. It is not known if they had been mating or whether the male was courting the female. May 2003 There were two sightings of the Rollercoaster Male lions, these on successive days. The three lions were seen moving northwards from southwestern Toulon, past Kirkman's Kamp and then further north, to the east of the Sand River for some kilometres before once more crossing westwards, midway through Charleston. Just prior to their arrival, three of the Charleston Pride lionesses and two of the Ridge Rocks Males had been seen in an area perhaps more Rollercoaster Male and Selati Pride territory than territory of the former lions. A short while after this initial appearance in the area by the Charleston Pride and Ridge Rocks Males, the Charleston Pride lionesses and one of the Ridge Rocks Males killed a giraffe and spent a few days eating it. When the Rollercoaster Males appeared, the carcass of the giraffe was almost completely finished and the Ridge Rocks Male had gone, perhaps having detected the Rollercoaster Males arrival well in advance and, realising that he was alone and on the fringes of his turf, decided to flee. Interestingly, the Charleston Pride lionesses seemed in no hurry to leave, but then it has often been thought that they are sisters to the Rollercoaster Males and have little fear of them. June 2003 There was a single sighting of the three Rollercoaster Males this month and this right at the beginning of the game-report-period when they were on NW Charleston, to the west of the Sand River. This area, it is believed, represents the northeastern parts of their territory, with the West Street Males staying further north and east of this. The relative absence of the Rollercoaster Males is perhaps due to the fact that lionesses under their control, and these probably of the Selati Pride, have small cubs further to the west of this area. Since the small cubs are not particularly mobile and are probably keeping the lionesses very area-bound, this has almost certainly influenced the movements of the Rollercoaster Males. July 2003 Two of the Rollercoaster Males were seen this month, this on SW Toulon. It's believed that the small cubs of the Selati Pride are still being kept mostly to the west of southern Mala Mala and that this has caused the Rollercoaster Males to stay in these areas. August 2003 There were several sightings of the Rollercoaster Males this month, starting off with all three of them together with three of the Selati Pride lionesses and their seven young cubs on SW Toulon at the spot where two of the lionesses had killed an adult male waterbuck the night before. All lions, except the three lionesses, were well fed. A few days later, they and two of the lionesses from the Selati Pride, came face to face with two of the Charleston Pride lionesses and one of the Ridge Rocks Males, this on NW Charleston, east of the Sand River, an area used from time to time by all of these lions. In the roaring and confusion which followed, it appeared as if the Rollercoaster Males triumphed and chased the others away. And perhaps they realised just how weak both the Ridge Rocks Males and Charleston Pride members were; a few days later all three of them followed a small herd of buffaloes deep into Ridge Rocks Male turf, in blatant disregard of up until now recognised boundaries. But they did not stay long and the next day were found moving steadily out of this area and back towards their own land. September 2003 All sightings of the Rollercoaster Male lions were of them accompanying members of the Selati Pride and these encounters were in the last half of this September report period. It was probably these three male lions which were instrumental in chasing eight lions off a giraffe kill, this incident having occurred inside the territory claimed by the Rollercoaster Males and the Selati Pride. The resulting feast was then enjoyed not only by the three males, but also by the Selati Pride and 10 cubs, three of these cubs only three or so months of age. Now, with the Ridge Rocks Males, the Rollercoaster Males' eastern neighbours, declining in health and with the Selati Pride lionesses with cubs, one wonders whether the Rollercoaster Males will start thinking about some sort of territorial expansion. October 2003 The Rollercoaster Males were seen several times this month, all within the area of W Toulon or SW Charleston and mostly with the Selati Pride and their cubs. They spent several days with these lionesses and cubs feeding from a giraffe which they may have been instrumental in killing. November 2003 There were only two sightings of the Rollercoaster Males this month and both towards the beginning of this game-report-period. The first sighting was of one of them with two of the Selati Pride lionesses and the second was of all three with two Selati Pride lionesses and ten cubs. One wonders why they have been so absent from the area - relative to previous months that is. Perhaps now that the Selati Pride lionesses have cubs and the area appears relatively secure against invasion by other male lions, the Rollercoaster Males are themselves exploring further afield and trying to expand their reach. December 2003 There were only two sightings of any of the Rollercoaster Males this month, both of these towards the end of the report period and of only two of the three lions. With the Eyrefield Pride and West Street Males active in the area controlled by the Rollercoaster Males, one wonders what the response from the Rollercoaster Males will ultimately be. The Rollercoaster Males
 *This image is copyright of its original author 2004
January 2004 The only sighting of all three Rollercoaster Males occurred towards the beginning of the report-period when they and some of the Selati Pride spent several days feeding off an adult female and young giraffe on NW Toulon. Just before this incident, two of the Rollercoaster Males were seen on central Charleston, an area really not considered to be within their range and looking as fat as lions could be. However, with the decline of the Ridge Rocks Males, up until now eastern neighbours to the Rollercoaster Males, it comes as no real surprise that the Rollercoaster Males would look to venture eastwards, testing this newly vacant land. And their presence in this land wouldn't just be to perhaps acquire it for themselves, but maybe also to show other land-hungry coalitions of male lions they they're alive and strong and not to be tested too much. Already other male lions have tested these areas of central and southeastern Charleston and the Rollercoaster Males would understandably want to come to a fast no-nonsense understanding with any new neighbours as to where territorial borders start and stop. February 2004 Although all Rollercoaster Males were accounted for this month, there were no sightings of all three together. Things appear to be going well for this trio which controls the southwestern parts of the reserve. The only time when any of them were seen with the Selati Pride, the family of lions under their control in this area, was towards the end of the report-period when two of them were found feasting off a zebra carcass with some of the lionesses. Whilst these lions were feeding, they were approached by one of the Charleston Pride lionesses, but she was chased off by the Selati Pride. Some evidence suggests that the Rollercoaster Males are the Charleston Pride lioness' brothers. March 2004 The only sightings of the Rollercoaster Males this month was of them together with the Selati Pride, the family of lions which is under their control on western Toulon. Two of these sightings were of all three Rollercoaster Males together. As far as can be ascertained, they still remain in good health and with at least 12 cubs in the Selati Pride, have a lot to protect from outside challengers. April 2004 Although there were a few sightings of a single Rollercoaster Male on patrol, all other sightings of members of this coalition where of them together with lionesses and cubs of the Selati Pride, which, for the Selati Pride, is of course good and bad. Good in that they have the protection of the males and bad because they have many hungry mouths to feed and with the males always around, they consume a good proportion of the rewards. May 2004 There were few encounters with the Rollercoaster Males this month. All three were seen together at the beginning of the month on NW Toulon and then, at the end of the report-period, two of them were seen with members of the Selati Pride, catching impala in this same area. In this instance, the male lions caught an adult female impala and the females caught another. All indications are that the Rollercoaster Males are still well in charge of the southwestern parts of the reserve. July 2004 Any doubt as to whether all three Rollercoaster Males are still alive was dispelled in July, when all three males were seen together, and in the company of the Selati Pride. August 2004 The Rollercoaster Males seem to still have the south-western part of the reserve under their control, and were seen fairly regularly in August. Responding to a prolonged incursion into their territory by the Eyrefield Pride and West Street Males, the Rollercoaster Males did a pretty good job of seeing off this potential threat, and apparently succeeded in driving these invaders off northwards. September 2004 The Rollercoaster Males were not seen very frequently in September, but the sightings of them were sufficient to deduce that all three are still in good shape, and that they have western Toulon under their control. With that territory comes the Selati Pride. It is not known whether these males are also associated with any other prides of females, perhaps further to the north and west. Probably not. October 2004 Only two of the Rollercoaster Males were seen, and on just one occasion. They were, on that occasion, accompanying members of the Selati Pride. November 2004 All three of the Rollercoaster Males were seen, but on just one occasion. They were not with any other lions at that stage, but it is almost certain that these three males still have the Selati Pride under their control. With several up-and-coming young male lions being seen in the south of the reserve in recent weeks, it is likely that the Rollercoaster Males are going to feel some pressure. Their strength and character will be tested in the weeks ahead! December 2004 There were no sightings of all three of the Rollercoaster Males on any single day in December. Two of them were seen together, in the absence of any lionesses, on one occasion, and there were three other sightings of two of them accompanying members of the Selati Pride. One Rollercoaster Male was seen to accompany the other members of the Selati Pride on three consecutive days. It is not yet clear whether these sightings did involve all three of the Rollercoaster Males. What was quite clear, and is rather disturbing, is the fact that the male missing an eye is not looking good. He had an emaciated look about him, with hip bones projecting, and could easily be suffering from bovine tuberculosis. If this is the case, then chances are that the Rollercoaster Males are not going to remain in control of the western bank on Toulon and southern Charleston for too much longer. The Rollercoaster Males
 *This image is copyright of its original author 2005
February 2005Three male lions were seen on one occasion on western Toulon . These lions were not identified, but were perhaps the Rollercoaster Males? September 2005 The three Rollercoaster Males, having not been seen at all on Mala Mala Game Reserve for a few months, suddenly re-appeared during this game report period, back on Toulon and even Charleston. It had been thought that these males had been ousted by the Eyrefield Males, but this now seems not to have been the case. One of the lions (the one missing an eye) is in poor condition, and has a very severe limp, and one can only wonder how long he will survive. October 2005 The three Rollercoaster Males seem to be back with a vengeance and even the weakest one looked to be in much-improved condition. Interestingly, they were not seen with any other lions at any stage in October. November 2005 On the last day of this game report period, all three Rollercoaster Males were seen together, on Toulon , south of the Sand River . The only other sighting was of just one of the Rollercoaster Males, two weeks earlier, on Charleston . December 2005 6 sightings were recorded of the Rollercoaster Males who showed very little sign of activity on all occasions except one where they were hot on the trail of their younger competitors, the Eyrefield males. The outcome of this pursuit was unknown. 2006
February 2006 The Rollercoaster Males – the male from this coalition with one eye has been confirmed dead. The remaining two males were seen on three occasions, twice escorting two females from the Selati Pride across the Kingston Break. The other sighting involved one of the Rollercoaster males stealing an impala kill from the young male lion with a collar. March 2006 The two Rollercoaster Males were seen on 10 days, 7 of which they accompanied two of the adult females from the Selati pride as they moved through the areas of the Golf Course and Kingston Break. April 2006 The two Rollercoaster Males were seen on 8 occasions with members of the Selati pride and 6 occasions on their own. These lions still appear to have a firm control over south-western Toulon , but did venture as far north as Charleston North on one occasion. May 2006 The two Rollercoaster Males were seen 13 times on Toulon . On seven of these occasions they accompanied members of the Selati pride and had success at least three times at catching prey. The remaining 6 sightings of these males were all at a young elephant carcass near the Cattle Graves. It is not known if the lions made the kill, but they consumed the entire carcass alone over a five day period. June 2006 The two Rollercoaster Males appear well and still firmly in control of Toulon . They were seen more on their own this month than with the Selati Pride. July 2006 The Rollercoaster Males provided some good viewing in the south of the reserve, and all indications are that they are still in control of a sizeable chunk of land on Toulon and southern Charleston . The males were seen at times in the presence of the Selati Pride, but spent most of their time together patrolling their territory. August 2006 The Rollercoaster Males were the busiest of all the male lions on Mala Mala and provided some excellent viewing in the north of the property. Probably the biggest and most significant event during the August report period concerning these two males was their perceived take over of the Eyrefield Pride. The Rollercoaster Males were almost constant companions of members of the Eyrefield Pride. Rollercoaster Male and Eyerfield Lioness - Photograph by ranger Wesley Neuman Most sightings were of one or the other males mating with one of the lionesses, although they were seen with the whole pride on a few occasions. This is great news for the Eyrefield Pride which has been without a dominant coalition in their territory following the death of the West Street Males a couple of years back. It could well be that the lionesses’ bodies had responded to the presence of these new males and hence they have all come in to heat. It would seem as if the Rollercoaster Males mated with all four lionesses that constitute the bulk of this pride. The Rollercoaster Males also continued with their impressive take-over of the southern parts of the Split Rock Males territory, this on north-western Flockfield and the southern parts of western Mala Mala. The lions were very active in this area scent marking frequently and roaring to advertise their presence. They are certainly an intimidating force especially for the lone Split Rock Male who is well aware of their presence. The lions spent a fair amount of August exploring these areas between Rattray’s Camp and the New Airstrip and unashamedly mated with the Eyrefield lionesses throughout the whole month. What effect this is having on the southern parts of their territory is unclear as they certainly spent most of the month in the north of the property. Could they have created a vacuum for other male lions to fill, perhaps even their sons in the Selati pride that are nearing the point where they will no longer be welcome by the Rollercoaster Males? Or have these two large male lions simply extended what must already be a very large territory? More fine viewing of these lions can be expected in the following months ahead. September 2006 The Rollercoaster Males were seen on a number of occasions throughout the month. They have not been seen mating with any of the Eyrefield Pride lionesses although they are consistently flirting with them. It is very evident that the Rollercoaster Males have now taken over the Eyrefield Pride lionesses and are the self proclaimed “Pride Males!” They are magnificent male lions and have very dark black manes, and this makes them appear even more formidable. Rollercoaster Male - Photograph by ranger Chris Galliers The Rollercoaster Males have been roaring with the Eyrefield Lionesses on Charleston, Flockfield and Mala Mala farms. They are quite clearly the dominant lions in the area and have been scent making with regularity throughout the territory. There is still a fair amount of aggression between the males and females as they are both still getting used to each other. At least 2 of the lionesses have been seen mating with the Rollercoaster Males and we can therefore expect cubs within the next 100 days. The future is looking good for the Eyrefield Pride as the Rollercoaster Males are in their prime and will certainly be around for the next couple of years at least. This means that the cubs will be well-protected and as safe as possible from intruding nomadic male lions. October 2006 Rollercoaster Males had a great month, all facts considered. They have not only asserted their dominance over the Eyrefield Pride, but have also won a territorial battle between themselves and the Split Rock Male! they have now increased their territory to include most of Flockfield as well as a large proportion of Marthly. Both the males were in excellent condition and looked very impressive on all the occasions they were viewed. They have been mating with the Eyrefield Pride Lionesses and should be fathers within a couple of months. We hope they can hold the Pride long enough for the cubs to get to maturity. We will have to wait and see… November 2006 The Rollercoaster Males had a very good month and provided some very exciting viewing. The most noticeable event concerning the Rollercoaster Males was of them administering a beating to the Split Rock Male and then chasing him deep within his own territory. For the rest of the month they constantly invaded and put in a strong presence within the Split Rock Male’s territory. These lions seemed to be actively challenging the Split Rock Male, roaring in areas that would have been considered prime Split Rock Male territory a few months back. November was a month of expansion for these males, who must now have a very large part of Mala Mala under their control. December 2006 The Rollercoaster Males were seen predominantly in the central parts of the reserve, accompanying the four Eyrefield Females. The lions showed signs of moving further north to confront the Styx Pride when they scent-marked around Campbell Koppies and roared frequently. Later in the report period they were seen in the company of the females from the Eyrefield Pride. It appears that the Rollercoaster Males are now well established with the Eyrefield Females, and hopefully there will be new cubs on the way soon. The 2 Nomadic Males (younger one missing end of tail and older one missing left eye) were not seen during the report period. The Rollercoaster Males
 *This image is copyright of its original author 2007
January 2007 The Rollercoaster Males continuted to dominate during this report period. Of great significance is the sighting of one of the Rollercoaster male lions mating with a Styx Pride Lioness. A marathon-mating period of close on four days ensued, a direct indication of the lack of confidence the Styx pride is now showing in the Split Rock Male. One or in some cases both of the Rollercoaster males were seen frequently with the Eyrefield Pride. One of the more memorable sightings was when three members of the pride and the elder Rollercoaster male lion were watched as they hunted in the Thamboti Thicket region. Guests watched as the lions successfully caught an adult female Nyala. February 2007 The Rollercoaster males had an exceptional report period, with the first cub sired by these male being viewed for the first time in the report period. In the early part of the report period, rangers were concerned about the injury the older of the two males had sustained to his foreleg. The male appeared to have fractured or badly sprained his leg, which would have been terrible news for the new born cub/s. Encouragingly the leg has appeared to mend, and the male has been noted to walk more freely towards the end of the report period. The males provided some fine viewing, especially with their toleration of the cub’s antics. The males were noted to show aggression between each other, possibly owing to one of the Eyrefield lioness coming into oestrus. Roaring by the males was noted on several occasions, with frequent roaring on the given occasion a norm. Interestingly, a second lioness of the Styx pride was seen to mate with one of the Rollercoaster males. The lack of confidence in the Split Rock male seems to be increasing, and it appears only a matter of time before more lionesses seek the Rollercoaster males as their suitors. March 2007 Early on the morning drive on the 06th March, rangers located one of the Rollercoaster males, resting on the parking bay. The male roared, and an answer was heard somewhere to his east. The male moved swiftly in the direction of the distant roar, leading rangers straight to the position of his brother. The lions rested for the entire day in a thicket of acacias. Late in the evening the lions headed east across the causeway, and then north through rhino pens. The males roared frequently during the evening, with their roars being heard late into the night from the comfort of the boma. During the morning drive on the 12th March , many tracks of lions, as well as audio of lions roaring around the Mlowathi was heard. Unfortunately the lions were not found, however, following up in the evening, the two Rollercoaster males were found moving southwards towards the Piccadilly triangle region. Interestingly a herd of buffalo was resting in the area, however, no interaction was witnessed. The Rollercoaster males were seen with the Eyrefield Pride on numerous occasions during the report period. April 2007 In the presence of the two Rollercoaster brothers, the Eyrefield pride made a number of bold attempts in isolating a younger member of the buffalo herd on the 6th of April. In the midst of the chase one of the Rollercoaster males made time to mate with one of the lionesses on the airstrip. With much time spent in the west the Rollercoaster males have not been patrolling their territory as rigorously. This has possibly allowed the Styx pride to be seen more frequently during the past month. Towards the end of the game report period the two brothers were seen around Campbell Koppies scent marking and roaring in the evenings (which could be heard from the Buffalo deck). This shows that the Rollercoaster Males are now very comfortable in their newly acclaimed territory. May 2007 The Rollercoaster Males were viewed frequently on Mala Mala in the report period and were often witnessed roaring as they patrolled most of northern area of Mala Mala . One of the Rollercoaster Males was also seen to mate with a Styx lioness close to the Campbell Koppies. These male lions are now very well associated with northern Mala Mala but their roaring still sends all other lions in the area on the run. It is hoped that if they remain in the north that the Styx Pride will become accustomed to them so that this pride can once again settle down close to Main Camp. June 2007 The two Rollercoaster males were seen together in the early days of the month. This was to be the last time they would be seen together and possibly the last time they will ever be seen together. They were seen around Rattrays Camp and Mala Mala Camp in the last days of May. Thereafter they were not seen together again. A report was received from the trackers about a male lion being killed by a crocodile in Sparta in the early days of June. Subsequently a report from a Sparta ranger confirmed that a male lion, matching the description of one of the Rollercoaster males, was killed by a crocodile while feeding on a kill close to a waterhole. Since this report only one of the Rollercoaster males has been seen. The sightings of this lone Rollercoaster male have been frequent and varied. Shortly after the reported death of his brother he was found with the Eyrefield pride around Rattrays Camp. Thereafter he was found mating with a Styx lioness around the Campbell Koppies. This mating session lasted about 4 days and ended up in the Piccadilly area. The Rollercoaster male then rejoined the Eyrefield pride around the Maurice’s pan area where they had killed a sub adult male kudu. This provided some excellent viewing for the day. The carcass was quickly finished, as the lions had been exceptionally slim prior to that day. For the remainder of the month he was seen mostly with the Eyrefield pride until right at the end he was once again found mating with a Styx lioness in the Piccadilly area. They mated for three days and then the Rollercoaster male returned to the Eyrefield pride. During the entire report period the Rollercoaster male was seen and heard to roar on many occasions. Roaring is used as a vocal territorial signal as well as a means of communicating between members of a coalition that has been separated. It can be assumed that although he is keeping himself busy he is still seeking his brother. July 2007 The Rollercoaster male has been spending a lot of his time with the Eyrefield pride at the moment and is being a great father to the cubs of the pride. On the evening of the 02 August, the lions were found just south of the airstrip. In a large open area they had just killed an old male giraffe. All three adult lionesses, the Rollercoaster male and 5 cubs were feeding on the carcass. August 2007 The Rollercoaster male was seen nearly every day during the month. He spent most of his time with the Eyrefield pride in and around his offspring. He was also seen to spend some time with the Styx pride and two of the females in particular, although no mating was seen. Even with the loss of his coalition partner this remaining male still controls both prides. Only the future will tell how long he can hang onto them though. September 2007 The Rollercoaster male provided some fine viewing during the report period, with him being seen frequently with the Eyrefield pride. The male was witnessed roaring on most evenings, however of concern is that these roars were answered by other lions to his west on a number of occasions. Towards the end of the report period, things appeared to get a little serious around Rattrays Camp, where his roars appeared to have little effect on the approaching roars of a number of lions to his west. He was sporting some fresh battle wounds towards the end of the report period, but importantly he has managed to keep all at bay up to the end of the report period. Things might get a little interesting in the following months; one hopes that he will continue to provide protection to his cubs. October 2007 The Rollercoaster male was seen on nearly every day during the report period. He spent most of his time with the Eyrefield pride but was seen to mate with a Styx lioness. Mid way through the report period he disappeared for some days and returned with a bad limp clearly having been in a fight. Shortly afterwards the five Eyrefield Males were seen one also having a bad limp. Coincidence? November 2007 The Rollercoaster male was seen on 16 occasions during the report period, with six of these occasions in association with the Eyrefield pride. The remainder of the time, he was seen alone. On the 8/11/07, he was seen to interact with an old male lion in the Piccadilly region. The old male was chased north along Eastern side Mlowathi. Incidentally, this old male was seen a few days previously in the F-bend open area, where he had a brief interaction with the Rock Drift male leopard. December 2007 The Rollercoaster male was seen nearly every day throughout December. He split his time evenly between the Styx pride and the Eyrefield pride but neither pride was very hospitable to him. He was seen to be chased away by both prides on a number of occasions and looked scrawny for most of the month. He roared on a number of occasions mostly looking for the females and his next meal. He was also viewed on his own many a time when he was in transition between prides on these occasions he did most of the roaring. He is now the father to both the prides cubs and so will have to remain vigilant if the cubs are to make it to maturity. More pressing on his mind will be the pressure coming from the males in the north as they look southwards mainly towards the Styx pride and a prime piece of real estate. 2008
January 2008 This old fellow is doing remarkably well. His relationship with the Eyrefield pride seems to have been diminished so he now spends most of his time with the Styx pride. He is in a good and healthy condition although his scar count seems to increase weekly. He is still mating with the females of the Styx pride and lends his strength to some of the hunts. Importantly he is doing a good job of protecting both the Styx and Eyrefield cubs. Perhaps there is a glimmer of hope for them. April 2008 The Rollercoaster male is still living with the Styx pride. He is still mating with the females and is still eating with them and assisting in the kills of the larger creatures such as adult male kudus. He has not been seen to associate with the Eyrefield pride except at kills. He is in good condition for an aging male lion, still strong and still roaring his defiance at a world that would see him replaced in the not so distant future. May 2008 The Rollercoaster male continues to spend a lot of time with both the Styx Pride and Eyrefield Pride. This aging male that has dominated the northern parts of Mala Mala for quite some time now and is still looking in good condition may be starting to feel some pressure by the increased presence of the Eyrefield males in his territory. 2010
January 2010 • Rollercoaster male (+/- 13 ½ years): (5 sightings) Another legend passes at Mala Mala. The Rollercoaster male was euthanased on the first of January. He was in poor condition and the autopsy conducted by the Kruger vet confirmed this. He had mange all along his shoulders and back he had recently been in a lion fight and had fresh wounds along his flanks and rear end. And his adrenal gland had started turning his body muscle into energy just to keep him alive. The story of the Rollercoaster males goes a long way back, in fact almost 10 years. There were originally 5 males in the coalition; they come from the western sector of the Sabi Sands and set up territory along western Toulon, around the Rollercoaster road. The five brothers took over the Selati pride first but soon one of the males died. The four brothers then tried to move in on the Eyrefield pride and were seen mating with some the lionesses back in 2001 but the west street males just had enough in them to hold off the challenge. Then in a short space of time two more males in the coalition died and there were only two left. The males raised a successful litter with the Selati pride, this litter is from where the two golf course males originate. They then successfully took over the Eyrefield pride and started their journey northwards. The two brothers imposed themselves on the Eyrefield pride and when they got rid of the split rock male they made a play for the Styx pride. The Styx pride was accepting of the new males and all looked good for the two Rollercoaster males, until tragedy struck. One of the males found a dead elephant in the sand river in 2007 and while feeding on it he was attacked and killed by a crocodile, and then there was one. The last male finished off the take over of the Styx pride while still maintaining dominance of the Eyrefield pride. The Eyrefield pride produced cubs in 2006 but they were killed, then in 2007 they produced 10 cubs with the Rollercoaster male 7 of which are still alive. The Styx pride produced cubs in 2007 but they to were killed, but then more cubs were born early 2008, and the Rollercoaster male had his hands full dominating both prides. Around mid 2008 the Mlowathi males started showing interest in the Styx pride, and this was the beginning of the end for the last Rollercoaster male. He got chased away from the Styx pride but to this date some of his cubs still survive. He then stayed permanently with the Eyrefield pride until late 2009 when the Mlowathi males found him again. This time there was nowhere to hide and he became nomadic until his death on the first of the month. A legend of his time he will be remembered for many years to come and his genes will flow strongly through the lion prides of Mala Mala for many more years after that. R.I.P. Split Rock Males
 *This image is copyright of its original author Old Mala Mala Sightings of 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007
2001
November 2001 4 Male lions: It is thought that a coalition of four young male lions is making its way into the north and eastern parts of the reserve. One of them has a heavy mane. The other three, perhaps 6 years of age, are very similar in appearance and are probably brothers; they have less well developed manes. The larger male appears to be the most dominant of the four. All lions were seen together only once this month when they were together with what may have been the Emsagwen lioness. Such lions are at a stage when they are looking out for a territory of their own and the absence of the Mlowathi Males from this area would be noticed by them. They and the West Street Males would then be competing for the same chunk of land. December 2001 The West Street Males started the month off on a bad note when they were routed by a group of four young male lions which appear to be moving into the north-eastern parts of the reserve, part of the area vacated by the Mlowathi Males some months ago. The West Street Males have up to now also been vying for this particular piece of land. The clash happened when the two West Street Males which had been patrolling the northern parts of the reserve for the last few months came face to face with four younger male lions. The four young males - three looking to be brothers of approximately 5 or 6 years of age and another male with a large mane - were fat and full, probably having killed a buffalo during the night. They were lying with the old Emsagwen lioness which was not as fat as they were and looking somewhat perturbed by the presence of the young males. When the five lions were found, they seemed more concerned about sheltering against a fine drizzle which was falling than on anything else. Suddenly, the two old West Street Males arrived from the north, perhaps following the large herd of buffalo which had evidently been sent packing by the five the night before. Upon seeing the younger lions, the two West Street Males froze. They were still sixty or so meters away and the young lions had not yet seen them. After studying the opposition for a while and urinating in the area and scratching the soil, the West Street Males slowly advanced upon the other lions. They approached with a deliberate, stiff-legged gait, body-upright position - all designed to intimidate the opposition. They also separated slightly so that they were 15 or so meters apart. When they were approximately 30 meters from the younger males, they were spotted. The younger lions' hackles went up and they raised their heads to alert status, glaring at the approaching bigger lions. But they did not panic - at least this was not noticed in their behaviour - and this may have saved them. One or two of them started licking themselves and one stood up and simulated mating with one of his brothers - acts which showed near indifference to the approaching older males. The Emsagwen lioness knew what was coming and wanted to be anyplace but in the immediate area. As one of the West Street Males was rubbing his mane into a tree and scrape-marking, his companion turned away, this probably a fatal move. The younger lions noticed the hesitation and, led by the biggest male, started towards the two West Street Males, first at a slow walk and then at a run. The West Street Males tried to make a stand, but it was too much. One was cornered and briefly mauled, but then managed to flee and the race was on! The two West Street Males ran as fast as they could with the large-maned male of the four in hot pursuit, roaring as he went. The three younger males appeared to be slightly overwhelmed at what had been achieved and regrouped in the original area, leaving the pursuit to the older and most dominant of their group. And the West Street Males fled, the one following the other by 100 or so meters and perhaps fooling the leading male that he was the enemy and causing it to sprint away from him, not just running with the easy lope which lions use to cover great distances at deceptively fast speeds. The pursuit did not last for more than a kilometre before the roaring victor returned to his companions. The four young male lions continued to stay around the middle and upper parts of the Matshapiri. They certainly appear to be doing well for themselves in terms of nutrition. Although they are definitely willing to tackle buffalo, the only one which they were seen eating this month was a cow which appeared to have died from natural causes. For a few days they followed the large herd of buffalo further south and west until they reached a point from which they seemed unwilling to proceed any further; this would have taken them into territory still very much occupied by the West Street Males. So although the West Street Males had been chased off, this had happened when they were on foreign land; the young male lions had benefited from the 'home-town advantage'. Moving into unknown land puts the invading force at a definite psychological disadvantage and the earlier win over the West Street Males may not have been repeated on foreign territory. But what is to happen to the West Street Males? Although beaten in one area, this may only have set back their expansionist plans and they could still consolidate back in what is left of their old territory. But if the young males gather their courage and have the desire to conquer, then it might be the end. 2002
January 2002 Four male lions - one estimated at 8 years of age, the other three, probably brothers, at 6 years of age: These four male lions have been establishing themselves towards the north-eastern parts of Mala Mala and are the same which ran the West Street Males out of this area a month ago. So far they seem to be consolidating themselves to some degree, either patrolling the area, following buffalo or hanging out with some of the lionesses of the area. As far as is known, they have not made contact with any members of the Styx Pride and seem to have concentrated their attentions on the old Emsagwen lioness and a family of at least five lionesses which seems to be spending more and more time in this area too. One of the lionesses of this pride has a noticeably kink in her tail. Some of these lionesses were seen mating with the two most dominant members of the '4' towards the beginning of the game-report-period. The male lions involved in the mating - the older male and one of the younger ones - appeared slightly unsure of how to go about things when they were approached by the lionesses. This was probably the cause of the some of the aggression which the lionesses then directed at them whilst mating and soliciting. The two males of the coalition which did not have any females to mate with - number 3 and 4 in the hierarchy of the male group - slept whilst all of this was going on. Towards the end of the month, three of these four male lions - one of the younger members seems to spend a fair amount of time separate from the others - became more adventurous and followed the large herd of buffalo off the north-western parts of the reserve. This position is far from where they have up to now been recorded and if they persist in entering and eventually dominating these peripheral areas, then they will surely come into contact with the Styx Pride. February 2002 Four male lions - one estimated at 8 years of age, the other three, probably brothers, at 6 years of age: These four male lions almost dominated male lion viewing this month and as the confidence of the West Street Males to their west wanes, so theirs increases. There was only one day when all four of the lions were seen and this when they had separated out into pairs, the one group courting some lionesses, the other two hunting buffalo. Later that evening they all tended to head in the same direction, that being north after the lionesses. Thereafter there were sightings of only three of the lions - the older male and two of the younger ones, either together or the younger two on their own and the 8-year-old on his own or with lionesses. If one of the younger lions had been killed during the course of the month it would come as no surprise given the attention these lions paid to killing buffalo. Almost all sightings involving these three male lions had them harassing the large herd of buffalo and this often with success. But the killing of buffalo, even if only calves, is risky and all of the lions were sporting fresh wounds after these interactions. The standard approach for the lions seemed to be to carefully examine the buffalo herd in order to pick out the weaker ones. Once these animals were detected - newly born calves, crippled adults and so forth - they would harass their quarry to the point where the buffalo would eventually have enough and move off. This would then expose the weaker buffalo to greater stress, cause them to drop behind and allow the lions easier access to them. A common sight this month was to see abandoned calves behind the buffalo herd, perhaps as the buffalo sensed that such youngsters would inevitably be caught and in their weakened state would only be a burden for the rest of the herd. And so the lions probably managed to scavenge from these pickings too. And as the month progressed, so the lions moved more and more west and towards the end of February, the largest of the four teemed up with six lionesses and followed the large herd of buffalo far west until they were at the banks of the Sand River and deep inside Styx Pride territory. Here the lions killed yet another calf, this amongst a great deal of roaring and fighting. And half a kilometre of so from where all of this was happening the Styx Pride watched with horror. If these male lions continue to advance, they would without doubt seek to dominate them and this would result in the killing of their cubs. So the four (or is it three?) male lions have a potentially powerful future ahead and the next few months may prove most momentous for them. March 2002 These three male lions are the survivors of the 4 which started exploring the northeastern parts of Mala Mala in the latter parts of last year. The fourth male lion was last seen in early February and at the time looked somewhat sickly and scarred. All four were together when they chased the West Street Males from the northeastern parts of the reserve, this after the Mlowathi Male lions simply left and the area became vacant. The Split Rock Males certainly concentrate upon the Clarendon Pride, particularly the larger male lion of this coalition. Whilst this bigger male is with the lionesses, the other two seem to patrol boundaries or follow buffalo. The territory which the Split Rock Males control appears to be increasing in a south-westerly direction which would take them into more regular contact with the Styx Pride, a grave threat to the young cubs of this family. But at the moment, the Clarendon Pride seems to have a hold on them and until these lionesses have cubs, it could be anticipated that the Split Rock Males may not show too great an interest in any neighbouring prides, the Styx Pride included. April 2002 The Split Rock Males had a dramatic month with the oldest male being seen more frequently than the other two whilst he hung out with the Clarendon Pride. Onone occassion the Split Rock Male and the trio from the Clarendon Pride (young male included) were on the freshly killed carcass of an adult female buffalo, perhaps the same one which had bypassed them with the newborn calf the previous night. A dead buffalo calf was also in the area. As the lions were feeding, the two West Street Males emerged and headed their way and in a matter of minutes had the lone Split Rock Male on the run, chasing him far up the Matshapiri River before they halted and returned to the carcass of the buffalo where the other three lions were now feeding. Since this trio of lions seemed to show great subservience towards the West Street Males, they were left well alone and all lions stayed in the area for the next 24 hours until the Split Rock Male returned. This time the West Street Males did not even try anything; they fled. The single Split Rock Male walked towards them, stiff-legged and holding his head high with his mane standing up. The West Street Males ran. The next big event for some of the Clarendon Pride happened not long after this when some of them and one of the other Split Rock Males again harassed the buffalo, eventually that evening finding an apparently abandoned buffalo calf. Then, a couple of weeks later, three of the lionesses and the young male of the pride killed an old buffalo cow along the upper reaches of the Mlowathi River, an area more Styx Prides' than theirs. The Styx Pride arrived on the scene and chased the Clarendon Pride off, before themselves being chased off by the three Split Rock Males. In the process the Styx Pride lost two of their cubs. Then, towards the end of the month, the Clarendon Pride and all three of the Split Rock Males were found close to the northeastern parts of the reserve with the carcasses of three buffalo, two cows and a calf. The Split Rock Males, particularly the largest of the trio, were often with the Clarendon lionesses. It is not known whether any of the pride members are pregnant or not. May 2002 Compared with previous months' viewing,, little was seen of the Split Rock Males. Of the three sightings of members of the Clarendon Pride this month, two included at least one member of the Split Rock Males. Otherwise they seemed to spend the month doing what is expected of territorial male lions - patrolling borders and perhaps trying to catch some or other large item of prey such as a buffalo. The largest of the trio still appears to be the most dominant. June 2002 The only sighting of all three of the Split Rock Males this month occurred when they were with two of the Clarendon Pride, in the general area of the large herd of buffalo. Early in the month, a male lion, almost certainly one of the Split Rock Males, was seen sniffing around an area where the Styx Pride had just passed through and then towards the end of the month one of the younger members of this trio spent a day following behind the large herd of buffalo. July 2002 These lions were not seen this month. It may be that lionesses from the Clarendon Pride have cubs and this has kept them and the Split Rock Males fairly area-bound. Field staff reported an incident when the Styx Pride was seen chasing a single adult male lion which may have been one of the Split Rock Males. This occurred on the northwestern parts of the reserve. August 2002 There may have been a couple of sightings of the Split Rock Males this month, both of these to the very northeast of the reserve. On both occasions, only two adult male lions were seen. On one occasion, the lions were mating with a lioness. It is not certain whether this lioness was a member of the Clarendon Pride or was the old Emsagwen lioness. On the second occasion, the male lions were with 2 lionesses. Once again, the identity of these two lionesses was not certain. September 2002 The Split Rock Males were not specifically seen and identified this month, but two male lions found on northern Eyrefield were probably members of this coalition. October 2002 It is not certain whether any of the Split Rock Males were seen this month. There were two sightings of the same two adult male lions towards the northern and northwestern parts of Mala Mala and they could well have been members of the Split Rock Male coalition. So little has been seen of this trio over the last half-year that their exact wanderings and status in the area is no longer well known. The two male lions seen this month may well have been responsible for the deaths of two of the younger Styx Pride cubs, this towards the upper reaches of the Mlowathi River at the same place where in April this year, two other cubs belonging to the Styx Pride died when they tried to chase the Clarendon Pride and Split Rock Males from a buffalo kill. November 2002 These three lions were seen this month near the upper reaches of the Matshapiri River, this the first confirmed sighting of them for quite some time. With the West Street Males now looking hungrily towards this area again, perhaps the Split Rock Males think it wise to make their presence felt once more. December 2002 There were no confirmed sightings of these male lions this month. Towards the north of Mala Mala, a single male lion was found eating a young buffalo; this may have been one of the Split Rock Males. 2003
January 2003 The Split Rock Males were seen once this month, this towards the northeastern corner of the reserve. They were accompanied by five lionesses of the Clarendon Pride. All lions looked very thin. February 2003 The Split Rock Males were seen only once and this towards the very beginning of the February game-report-period. They were towards the northeastern parts of the reserve and were together with five lionesses from the Clarendon Pride. All lions looked in poor condition. When found, they were all fast asleep at one of the last functional waterholes in the region and appeared to have recently eaten something, enough to make their bellies bulge slightly. But the lions had no flesh on their bones, a sure sign that food is becoming difficult for them to come by. And not surprising; the area in which they stay has water only in the form of rainwater-filled waterholes and now that these have all but dried up, the prey species simply must be scarce. March 2003 There was a single sighting of two of the Split Rock Males, this on the northern parts of the Mala Mala Game Reserve/ Kruger National Park boundary. At the time they were eyeing out a herd of buffaloes. With the very dry conditions in this area resulting in little water and grazing, the Split Rock Males and Clarendon Pride have probably had a difficult year. Last rainy season things were very different for them; grass and water towards the northeast of the reserve was plentiful and the buffaloes were present on an almost daily basis and the lions prospered. April 2003 Perhaps only two of the three Split Rock Males were seen this month, mostly accompanying some of the Clarendon Pride at the scene of a dead rhino which provided an unexpected bonus for them. And such feasts are just what these lions can do with. Given the dry conditions experienced so far this year, the Clarendon Pride and Split Rock Males have perhaps suffered more than most prides of lions and could do with any piece of luck which comes their way. May 2003 There may have been one sighting of one of these males, this together with a lioness, perhaps from the Styx Pride. This sighting was towards the upper parts of the Mlowathi River and the lions were mating. June 2003 There was a single sighting of two of the Split Rock Males this month, this when the oldest one and one of the younger ones were seen near the upper parts of the Mlowathi River on NW Eyrefield. They seemed to be in good condition and moved north and west off the reserve. In spite of seeing so little of the Split Rock Males over the last year or so, footprints indicate that they are active on the northern parts of the reserve more regularly than sightings suggest. July 2003 No sightings of any of these lions this month. August 2003 There were several sightings of at least two of these male lions this month and, on one occasion, of one of them running in to steal an impala which the Styx Pride lionesses had just killed. What was particularly fascinating about this scene was the reaction of the lionesses; instead of fleeing in terror, they scattered and then stayed in the area, clearly respectful of the lion. Although the Split Rock Males have up until recently been regarded as enemy to the Styx Pride (having killed at least some of the Styx Prides' cubs over the last year-and-a-half - these sired by the Mlowathi Males which abandoned the Styx Pride some time ago) it is thought that they have, within the last half-year, mated with them and, now that at least one of the these females has given birth, the lionesses have little choice but to accept them as lords and masters. The question now, is, will the Split Rock Males, having gained control of the Styx Pride, move with them when they head southwards or will the Styx Pride stay north, within the realm of the Split Rock Males. With the West Street Males, the lions to the south of the Split Rock Males and which always sought control over the Styx Pride now rapidly weakening, perhaps the Split Rock Males will indeed head southwards, not only to enlarge their kingdom, but to maintain effective control over the Styx Pride, lionesses which over the least few years have been notoriously nomadic. September 2003 No sightings of any of these males. October 2003 Sightings of the Split Rock Males suggest that there are only two of them left, the older one and another. This month there were two sightings of them, both when they entered the domain of the West Street Males, their intentions clearly being to expand territory. As far as is known, the West Street Males responded and effectively scuttled these plans, at least for now. November 2003 The Split Rock Males probably had a month of somewhat mixed fortunes. They certainly survived the month, but may have ended it feeling that they had been sort of bested by their aging neighbours and adversaries, the West Street Males. Near the beginning of the game-report-period, the older of the Split Rock Males killed a buffalo cow and her calf on NW Mala Mala. The buffalo had a broken leg and it was simply a matter of time before a predator dispatched of her. The lion then dragged the carcasses into a thicket and began feasting on them. When members of the Mlowathi Pride appeared, they were chased off, settling the question as to whether they were under the 'control' of the Split Rock Males or not. The following day, however, there was no sign of the Split Rock Male at the carcasses and his place had been taken by one of the West Street Males. The area in which the buffalo had been killed is probably more West Street Male territory than Split Rock Male territory and so the psychological advantage lay with the West Street Male. No attempt to dislodge the West Street Male was seen. Then, a week later, the old lioness of the Styx Pride came into season, but instead of finding the Split Rock Males courting her, she attracted one of the West Street Males, sworn enemies to the Styx Pride for nearly six years now. But, with mating being the objective, the old lionesses bodily desires won the day and the two of them stayed together, mating for perhaps as long as 48 hours in an area of central Eyrefield considered Split Rock Male turf, rather than West Street Male territory. And it may have been that the West Street Male was finally chased off by the Split Rock Males; the following day he was seen moving steadily back south, searching for his companions, whilst the old lioness of the Styx Pride was together with one of the Split Rock Males. But, by that time the damage was done and the 'lions share' of the mating simply must have gone to the West Street Male. How teeth-gnashing this must have been for the Split Rock Males! Then, on the last day of the November game-report-period, both Split Rock Males were seen together on NW Mala Mala, back in West Street Male land, apparently renewing their offensive to gain control of West Street Male territory! Anyway, it will be an interesting few months ahead if the Split Rock Males persist. Although the West Street Males are still dishing out some humiliations at the expense of the Split Rock Males, time is probably on the Split Rock Males' side and eventually one expects them to triumph. December 2003 The Split Rock Males were seen many times this month and appeared to continue with their probing into the West Street Males' territory. On one occasion, the two Split Rock Males walked all the way down to northwestern Flockfield and slept all day opposite Harry's Camp. That evening they roared many times, issuing a clear warning to the West Street Males that they were in a combative mood. Response from the West Street Males wasn't impressive and it may be only a matter of several weeks now before the aging West Street Males are finally deposed. Towards the end of the game-report period, the two Split Rock Males found the carcass of an adult female buffalo near the confluences of the Sand, Mlowathi and Manyelethi Rivers. The buffalo had died of natural causes and the lions spent several days feeding from it. On one occasion, when the lions were resting in nearby reeds, an old male leopard slipped in and started scavenging on the kill. His back was turned to the two lions and when one of them came ambling across to the carcass, it saw the leopard first and very nearly caught it; luck just happened to be going the leopards' way that day and, in spite of a long and furious chase, it escaped from the lion. Then, later on, the Marthly Pride (two lionesses and two year-old cubs) came along. They approached cautiously but were soon greeting the Split Rock Males and all of them tucked into the rotting remains of the dead buffalo. The following morning the six lions were feeding on another buffalo carcass, this an adult female that had probably wandered down to the water and was pounced on by the lions. And so the feast continued for another few days before both Marthly Pride and Split Rock Males went their separate ways. Not only is the Marthly Pride seldom seen these days (they were almost resident up until a couple of years ago), but their relationship with the Split Rock Males was also not known. Another lion family under the control of the Split Rock Males is the Styx Pride; these have cubs and the Split Rock Males were seen with them on one occasion. It is thought that the Clarendon Pride, a family hardly ever encountered these days, is also dominated by the Split Rock Males. Do these two male lions then really have it in them to take over West Street Male territory? And, if they do, will they take over the Eyrefield Pride as well or will the Eyrefield Pride move away and the only change for the Split Rock Males and their three groups of lionesses will be a realignment of borders? Split Rock Males
 *This image is copyright of its original author 2004
January 2004 The Split Rock Males continued to press south into the reserve and there was one sighting of them on western Flockfield, this about as far south and west as they've been seen. Their old adversaries, the West Street Males, appear to have almost given up and weren't seen to confront the invaders, which themselves simply put on a presence without much roaring and other fanfare. If things carry on this way, then the two surviving West Street Males appear to be going out with a whimper rather than a bang and it'll be plain sailing for the Split Rock Males. Just how they'll get on with the Eyrefield Pride, however, waits to be seen. Also, if the Split Rock Males don't watch out and find themselves paying too much attention to the acquisition of new lands and prides to their south, they'll be invaded themselves. This month, two young male lions, looking confident and ready to take charge, eased in from the north and east and the Split Rock Males weren't seen to respond to them. One of these male lions is larger than the other, with a big dark mane, and both, when first seen near northeastern Eyrefield, were a little suspicious of landrovers. They spent several days in this area, eating a young buffalo which they had killed. Then, two weeks later, in the centre of the reserve, they confronted the Styx Pride lionesses, a pride which over the last year has just fallen under the control of the Split Rock Males. Five of the six lionesses initially ran from the males, whilst the oldest went up to inspect them before also turning to run, pursued by the roaring males. Then, a week later, these two males were found close to where the Styx Pride, together with their 7 young cubs, had just been seen eating an adult male kudu. Footprints suggested that there simply must have been some interaction amongst the lions. But again, no apparent response from the Split Rock Males! If these male lions get too confident and continue to shadow the Styx Pride, the next step will be for them to kill the cubs and acquire the land and the lionesses for themselves. Interesting times ahead for the lions, both males and females, as this shuffling of borders and masters takes place! February 2004 The Split Rock Males were seen several times this month, mostly towards the northern parts of the reserve. The furthest south that they were seen was once when they took on the large herd of buffaloes at the confluence of the Matshapiri and Sand Rivers. But the buffaloes were strong and the best that the lions could achieve was to jump onto the back of an old bull which happened to be lagging behind the others. The bull simply shrugged the lions off and left them wondering why they'd even made the effort. At the very beginning of the report-period, the largest of the Split Rock Males was seen mating with a lioness, thought to have been one of the Eyrefield Pride lionesses. The second Split Rock Male was resting nearby, no doubt hoping to get at least some chance. This mating continued for two days. However, whilst this was taking place, one of the Styx Pride lionesses was mating with one of two new male lions which have been making their presence felt in the north and eastern areas of the reserve, regions thought to have been under the control of the Split Rock Males. So, whilst the Split Rock Males were away looking to dominate new prides, they were missing out on what was happening in their own back yard! If they're not careful, their desire to kick out the West Street Males and dominate the Eyrefield Pride will backfire and they'll be the losers. Fortunately this mating wasn't successful and the same Styx Pride lioness was again mating later on in the month, this time with the larger of the Split Rock Males. One interesting incident which involved both the Split Rock Males and the Styx Pride took place towards the beginning of the month and coincided with the oldest of the Styx Pride lionesses approaching term after mating with one of the West Street Males (again, in the absence of the Split Rock Males) three-and-a-half-months ago. Some of the lionesses, including the oldest, were in the vicinity of the Campbell Koppies, when they all climbed the boulder-strewn hills. The old female was the last to ascend and wasn't in the best of moods when she did. That evening, a herd of just over 100 buffaloes came past the Campbell Koppies and some of the lionesses stalked down the hill to take them on. Then, whilst this was happening, the two Split Rock Males appeared and headed towards the Styx Pride. These two male lions had been found earlier that afternoon, several kilometres away and walked steadily towards the Campbell Koppies and the Styx Pride. Some roaring had occurred between the two groups of lions, so the Styx Pride simply must have been aware of their presence. But why did they call them? The addition of the Split Rock Males would have been good for the killing of buffaloes, but, as it turned out, this is not what the male lions wanted. Ignoring the buffaloes, they climbed the Campbell Koppies which the Styx Pride had ascended that morning. So, why the interest in this area? Male lions often show curiosity in the arrival of cubs; could it be that this is why the Styx Pride had called them to the area? Had the old lioness just given birth and, even though the Split Rock Males may not have been the fathers of the cubs, it would have been good for the Styx Pride, with which the Split Rock Males are intimately familiar, to be present when the cubs are 'introduced' to them. March 2004 The Split Rock Males were remarkably absent this month, there ultimately being only two sightings of them, the one of one of them circling the koppie on which the old lioness of the Styx Pride is thought to have hidden her cubs. The only other encounter with both Split Rock Males during March was when they were seen just to the west of Flockfield, deep in the heart of West Street Male territory. Just why the Split Rock Males haven't once and for all forced the West Street Males to leave their territory remains something of a mystery. The West Street Males appear weaker by the day and the Split Rock Males continue to push further and further into areas once considered exclusive West Street Male land. So why no grand finale? Why do the Split Rock Males continue to show at least some hesitation and allow the West Street Males to remain with the Eyrefield Pride? Are they perhaps afraid of the young males of the Eyrefield Pride, the six males of the group other than the West Street Males? And since the West Street Males are almost always with these six maturing males, this just doesn't give the two Split Rock Males much opportunity to confront them alone. Another problem which the Split Rock Males still have to deal with is the continued presence of the two younger male lions (one perhaps five years old and a year or so older than the other) which made their appearance some months ago on the northeastern areas of the reserve. These two young males are still around and roaming Split Rock Male territory and its surrounds. As has been speculated in the past, if the Split Rock Males ultimately concentrate too much on distractions beyond their borders, they could neglect what happens inside their territory and this could prove disastrous. There were three sightings of these afore-mentioned male lions this month, one on NW Eyrefield, one on SW Mala Mala and then the other on central Flockfield. April 2004 The Split Rock Males spent much of the month with the Styx Pride, mating with three of the lionesses and also following them around whilst on the hunt. And, probably because they spent so much time with these lionesses, they spent relatively little time pursuing their territorial challenge on the West Street Males to the south. There was certainly one incident when the Split Rock Males chased the two West Street Males and members of the Eyrefield Pride from a wildebeest kill on the Mala Mala Airstrip, but this was pretty much it. As things stabilise with the Styx Pride, however, so perhaps they'll concentrate more on what has been an objective of theirs for many months now. There was no confirmed sighting of the two young adult male lions which have been seen on various parts of the reserve, but mostly within Split Rock Male territory, over the last few months. Perhaps the Split Rock Males have dealt with them. May 2004 The Split Rock Males were seen together and inside West Street Male territory at the very beginning of this report-period, when they moved westwards from NW Flockfield. But that's pretty much what was seen of their incursion into West Street Male territory. If they were present on any other occasion, it certainly wasn't noticed. Towards the end of the report-period, they parted ways, the younger of the two males spending several days in the Manyelethi River feeding on some or other carcass whilst the other one joined up with the Styx Pride and latched onto them. Their only other interaction with the Styx Pride was towards the beginning of May when they were seen meeting up with the oldest lioness of the pride near the Campbell Koppies. This meeting wasn't particularly friendly and seemed dedicated to the maintenance of male dominance. Nevertheless, as bullying as the Split Rock Males will be, they are an essential part of the Styx Prides' life and are needed if other male lions are to be kept away from killing their young cubs. And they do have a kind side to them too; at the last sighting of this game-report-period, the older of the Split Rock Males was seen to give a helping hand, when, whilst following the Styx Pride, the smallest cub of the family became separated from the rest whilst they were crossing a steep-sided donga. The lionesses simply called the cub, encouraging it to cross, but the male lion actively appeared to assist the tiny cub. July 2004 Both Split Rock Males were seen, sometimes alone, sometimes together, and sometimes with one or more of the Styx Pride lionesses. There seems to be increasing evidence that the younger of the Split Rock Males has taken over as the more dominant individual. August 2004 As far as could be told, the Split Rock Males had a relatively uneventful month, spending time mainly on Eyrefield, Mala Mala and Marthly. They were seen alone and together, and also in the company of the Styx Pride. September 2004 There were numerous sightings of the two Split Rock Males in September, and they had a busy month. Their activities confirmed that they still have the Styx Pride and Mlowathi Pride under their control, as they mated with members of both of these prides. They also took a major step towards taking over control of at least part of the Eyrefield Pride, when they joined with this pride in feeding on a buffalo kill. The Split Rock Males clearly dominated over the young Eyrefield Pride Males, which eventually left the area of the kill to the Split Rock Males and a couple of Eyrefield Pride females. October 2004 The two Split Rock Males were seen very regularly during the month, and appear to be doing well. The younger male still has a very swollen front left lower limb, but he is able to get around with nothing more than a slight limp. The older male had the side of his nose torn open, probably in a scuffle with other male lions. The Split Rock Males were seen in the company of both the Mlowathi Pride and the Styx Pride. November 2004 The two Split Rock Males were seen many times again in November, and were together more often than not. They were also seen to spend a good deal of time with the Styx Pride, and some mating activity was witnessed. The bond between the two males seems to be quite strong, but it is not clear which of the two is the dominant individual at this stage. December 2004 On ten of the days during this game report period, at least one of the Split Rock Males was seen. The two were seen together on four occasions, and on one of those occasions they were in the company of the Styx Pride. Most other sightings were of the older Split Rock Male in the company of Styx Pride members. The younger Split Rock Male was seen on his own on two occasions, and he was not seen at all after the middle of the month. Both lions seem to be in good health overall, although the younger one is still favouring his injured front leg. 2005
January 2005 Although not seen very frequently in January, the Split Rock Males still seem to have the north and west of the reserve under their control. The two males were seen together on a few occasions, and on a few more occasions just the older male was seen in the company of the Styx Pride. February 2005 Most sightings involving the Split Rock Males were of just one of the males on his own, and this was usually the older male. He was seen to respond to a roaring Styx pride lioness and to join up with her. On one morning later in the month, both Split Rock Males were seen together to the south and west of the airstrip, where they had probably followed up on ten members of the Eyrefield Pride (including males). If the Eyrefield Males and other young males of the Eyrefield Pride spend much time in the vicinity of northern Flockfield and western Mala Mala, the Split Rock Males will find themselves under considerable pressure. Time will tell how they cope! March 2005 Every time one of the Split Rock Males was seen, he was either in the company of one or more members of the Styx Pride, or not far from them. On only one occasion were both males seen together, and on that occasion, they had not initially been found together, but joined up after roaring. The Split Rock Males sometimes look rather haggard, and it is clear that they are going to be faced with various challenges in the months ahead. It will be a test of their character! April 2005 There were sightings of one or both of the Split Rock Males on 6 days in April. Interestingly, they were not seen with any lionesses on any of these occasions. Not the most dynamic of the male lion coalitions seen on Mala Mala over the years, the Split Rock Males did, however, give a couple of good exhibitions of roaring. May 2005 Most sightings of the Split Rock Males were of both males together, and on three occasions they were seen with the Styx Pride. These two male lions were seen to kill an adult hyena early in the month of May. Male lions are notorious for their hatred of hyenas. The condition of the Split Rock Males seemed quite good, certainly better than in the previous month. June 2005 The two Split Rock Males seemed to have a good month, and both of them are in reasonably good shape. The lower part of the front leg of the younger male is still hugely swollen, but he has been carrying this injury for about 2 years now. The older male still has a wound on the side of his nose, which keeps being opened up. Just after the middle of June, the older Split Rock Male was found on a freshly killed kudu bull. There were no other lions around, and it is quite likely that he killed the kudu himself. A couple of hyenas dared to approach to within 100 metres of the kill on the morning that it was found, and the male lion took great exception to this brazen behaviour. Showing a tremendous turn of speed, he took off after the hyenas, and caught one, which he savagely mauled. Inexplicably, the hyena managed to escape, and it seemed not too much the worse for wear! By the next day, the second Split Rock Male had arrived at the kill, and the two of them gorged themselves on the carcass over the next 24 hours or so. Their behaviour and movements in June suggest that the Split Rock Males are serious about their claim to dominating the northern parts of the reserve, and have no intention of easily giving way to a younger coalition. Towards the end of the month, these two male lions were seen close to the remains of an adult male nyala, but it is not known whether they had killed it or stolen it from another predator. July 2005 The Split Rock Males were seen on eight occasions during the July game report period. On all but one occasion, both males were seen together. The older male appeared to retain his dominance, and he was seen to mate with one of the Styx Pride females. August 2005 The Split Rock Males were seen on eight occasions during the August game report period. On only two occasions, both males were seen together. These sightings of the two males together were on successive days. On the first of those days, the two were seen along the Matshapiri, and showed great interest in 3 buffalo bulls that passed close by them. The older male ran in after the buffaloes, but his younger companion, perhaps worried about his sore front leg, merely looked on. Around the middle of the game report period, the older male was again seen to mate with one of the Styx Pride females. September 2005 The Split Rock Males were seen on half of the days of this game report period, and most sightings were of both males together. On several occasions, the males were with some of the Styx Pride members. The older Split Rock Male gave a good display of his tree-climbing ability, when he picked up the scent of a carcass that a leopard had just dragged along the eastern flood plain of the Sand River , and hoisted up a jackalberry tree. The lion ran towards the tree, which the leopard had just hastily descended, and climbed to the position of the kill, about 6 metres above the ground. He then descended the tree with the kill, and fed on it on the ground. He really made it look quite easy! October 2005 The two Split Rock Males provided a good deal of viewing in October and entertained their fans with some good roaring, exaggerated levels of male bonding, mating with a Styx lioness and killing a hyena. The hyena had dared to approach, quite noisily, a rhino carcass around which the Split Rock Males and Styx Pride were lying. The two Split Rock Males roused themselves instantly from their rest and showed impressive speed as they chased, caught, mauled and killed an adult hyena. The Split Rock Males and accompanying Styx lionesses showed undisguised hatred for the hyena. While the younger Split Rock Male was still holding onto the throat of the hyena with his jaws, the older male and the lionesses bit angrily at the lower body of the hyena and then roared and scent-marked in the immediate vicinity. November 2005 The Split Rock Males had a very good month in November, being seen on no fewer than 22 days. They also showed that they are still very much in control, especially when it came to clashes with the males of the Eyrefield Pride. December 2005 The Split Rock Males were seen 13 times, mostly with the Styx pride during December 2005. The older male was also seen mating with one of the 7-year-old lionesses of the Eyrefield pride and courting the youngest lioness of the Styx Pride. They provided lots of roaring entertainment and still seem to be well in control of northern Mala Mala. Split Rock Males
 *This image is copyright of its original author 2006
January 2006The Split Rock Males were seen regularly with the Styx pride, however, the younger of the two was definitely showing some signs of illness, not being able to keep up with his companion or the female pride on some occasions. February 2006 The Split Rock Males were seen on eight occasions, mostly with the Styx Pride as to be expected. The younger of the two appeared to go through a patch of poor health while the older continued to assert his dominance by mating with members of the Styx Pride and stealing their kills on two occasions. March 2006 The two Split Rock Males were seen on 15 days in March and spent most of the month together and not in the presence of any females. They provided good roaring activity and were involved in a skirmish with the Eyrefield Pride (now consisting of six females only) south of the new airstrip when they stole two impala kills made by the females. Only towards the end of the month were these males seen with the Styx Pride when the older male joined two of the older lionesses that had separated from the rest of the pride, while the younger male joined the other five members. The younger of these two lions does not appear to be in good condition and time will tell how long these ageing lions will continue to rule the north of Mala Mala. However, these animals are undoubtedly tougher than their external appearance suggests, and their continued roaring displays suggest that these lions have no intention of relinquishing their territory. April 2006 The two Split Rock Males did not spend much time together in April but were seen frequently apart (20 sightings). The younger male was seen mainly with the Styx Pride, while the older male was seen courting a Styx lioness throughout the month. Towards the end on the month the younger male seemed to lose the rest in the Styx pride and was seen following the courting pair at a respectable distance so as not to impose on his older partner’s mating efforts. The courting pair was only observed to actually mate briefly right at the end of the month. May 2006 The two Split Rock Males were seen a total of 13 times, all with at least one member of the Styx pride. The oldest male was also seen mating with the 5yr old lioness ( 01/05/06 ) which he had been courting the whole of the previous month. These males were seen together with the Styx pride on a sub adult male rhino carcass near Flockfield tower. Tracks in the area suggested that the rhino was in fact taken down by the lions, a feat which no doubt these powerful old males would have played a major role. These males also asserted their dominance with many impressive roaring displays and were seen chasing what might have been the unidentified pride mentioned below. June 2006 The two Split Rock Males kept up a strong presence in the north of the property. They were frequently seen with the Styx Pride, but were not seen to mate with any of the females. One of the male lions is not looking to good, having some bad injuries to his back legs and looking thin. But the other lion is in great condition. He was seen to make two kills this month, a male nyala and a big buffalo bull which he killed along with the Styx Pride. July 2006 The Split Rock Males provided some excellent viewing during the month of July. Towards the start of the report period they were seen frequently with the Styx Pride in the northern reaches of the property along the Mlowathi River System. With the Styx Pride having cubs sired by the Split Rock Males on Campbell ’s Koppies these lions have been spending much time in this area. The older of the two Split Rock Males continued where he left off last month, an almost constant companion of the Styx Pride. He was involved in a memorable sighting in early July when the Styx Pride caught a large warthog in the morning near the Main Camp. The Split Rock Male immediately ran in on the kill and asserted his dominance, chasing off almost all the lioness and securing the kill for himself. Meanwhile his companion, the younger of the two Split Rock Males, was not in good shape at the start of the report period. He was getting weaker and weaker, and was seen in much the same area, obviously not having the strength to move far at all. Then on the 8 th of July this lion was found just south of the causeway close to the Mala Mala Main Camp, lying out on a sandbank. At dusk he raised his head, and after a while tried to rise to his feet. He walked a few yards towards a nearby water hole, had a short drink, but simply did not have the strength to move away again. He collapsed on a rock at around 18:45 and his breathing slowed and eventually stopped. His death was met with much sadness by all that had known him over the years that he was around on Mala Mala. The Split Rock Males arrived at Mala Mala as young male lions towards the middle parts of 2000. Originally part of a coalition of 4 lions, they initially set up a territory on the eastern parts of Mala Mala. Just where these lions came from is unclear, perhaps the Kruger National Park , where they used to spend much of their time. They had many run-ins with the legendary West Street Males, eventually ousting them in the later parts of 2004, this when the coalition consisted of the lone two remaining Split Rock Males. They managed to dominate over the Styx Pride, something that the West Street Males could never do and probably sired cubs with the Mlowathi Pride and perhaps even the Eyrefield Pride. The deceased Split Rock Male is estimated to be around 10 years old, slightly younger than the remaining healthy lion. Initial indications were that the lion had contracted Bovine TB, probably infected from eating a diseased buffalo, and certainly had some or other infection in a deep gash on his hind legs. Although most lions live long healthy lives with this disease present in their bodies, it can affect some lions adversely. This was confirmed in an autopsy that was conducted after his death, his lungs being riddled with TB. For the past few months he had resorted to scavenging, and the Styx Pride, for his food, not being in any condition to tackle large prey himself. Just what his death will do to the lion dynamics in the northern parts of Mala Mala is unclear at this point. The remaining Split Rock Male would have been aware that something had happened to his companion, and was seen towards the end of the month on his own and roaring, obviously searching for him. He will be at a serious disadvantage should he have to meet other land hungry males, of which there are a number knocking at his door at present. New males would quickly pick up that there is a decrease in the amount of roaring coming from the northern parts of Mala Mala and might come to investigate if there is any available land to claim as their own. This could also be disastrous for the Styx Pride as they have cubs that were sired by the Split Rock Males on a near by koppie - new intruding lions would certainly kill these cubs should they find them. Towards the end of the month the remaining Split Rock Male was seen to steal a bushbuck kill from a young leopard, and joined up with various members of the Styx Pride. He would have no doubt also met the young cubs that the Styx Pride has with them at present. The death of a popular resident lion will be felt by all who inhabit Mala Mala for some time still. August 2006 The Split Rock Male had a fine month and provided some consistent viewing. He was mainly seen with the Styx Pride or members there of, very seldom being seen alone. Following the death of his companion a few months back this lion has opted to stick with the lionesses, which might not be a bad option for him. Besides spending time with the Styx Pride, the Split Rock Male did occasionally spend time marking territory and roaring to advertise his presence. He was also seen to hunt buffalo on two occasions, both times being chased off by the herd. It is of utmost importance that this lion puts on a brave face and advertises his presence as much as possible to deter any other male lions, such as the two young nomadic males and the Rollercoaster Males, from venturing to far into his territory. The Split Rock Male was involved in some spectacular sightings in which he dominated kills made by the Styx Pride. In the middle of the month the Split Rock Male completely dominated an impala kill that the Styx Pride was seen to make on the banks of the Mlowathi. Film crews that followed the lions later in the month reported that the Split Rock Male appropriated two other impala kills that the Styx Pride made. Other than hunting and following the Styx Pride around, the Split Rock Male was also seen to associate briefly with the young cubs of the Styx Pride that have been concealed in the Mlowathi River. On both occasions when seen in the area with the cubs the cubs showed him a lot of respect. The male lion lay off from the cubs and did not pay them much attention. The Split Rock Male must certainly be feeling the pressure from the Rollercoaster Males that have already come north and taken over what must be considered to be the southern parts of the Split Rock Males territory. On numerous occasions the Split Rock Male could hear the Rollercoaster Males roaring, but at no point did he roar back at them. On a few occasions late in the night the Split Rock Male headed silently towards where the Rollercoaster Males were roaring, but was not seen to approach them. Male lions that hear roaring within their territories usually do not respond, but simply run towards the intruders trying to take them by surprise. Hopefully the Spit Rock Male was not spoiling for a fight as he is outnumbered by the two Rollercoaster Males and would be better advised to roar back and put on a brave face from behind his smoke screen. It is also important for the survival of the Styx Cubs that the Split Rock male holds out for as long as possible on Eyrefield and Marthly as new males would surely kill any young cubs that they find. September 2006 The Split Rock Male had another fine month and provided some consistent viewing. Again, he spent most of his time with members of the Styx Pride following the death of his brother. This seems to be his strategy for his survival, which is fairly sensible considering that his chances of killing prey are substantially higher with the lionesses. A couple of fine sightings of this male lion were had of him interacting with buffalo this month. One particular sighting found him and 2 big male buffalo interacting around Campbell Koppies. The Split Rock male brazenly approached the buffalo in the midday heat. He charged the buffalo from approximately 30 meters, which subsequently galloped away in the opposite direction. The Split Rock Male quickly closed the gap between himself and the buffalo and with an amazing act of bravery, leapt onto the back of one of the fleeing buffalo. He tackled the buffalo to the ground and got the buffalo in a death grip, around its muzzle. The buffalo, which was a little dazed from the fall it had just taken, quickly recovered and tossed the Split Rock Male off with a swipe of its horns. The Split Rock Male must have been hurt with this tremendous blow by the buffalo as he made no further attempts to catch the buffalo. Then later in the month the Split Rock Male dominated an impala kill made by the Styx Pride late in the morning near Elephant Rock. Two other fine sightings of this lion was of him killing two sick buffalo on two separate occasions, the Split Rock Male making short work of the sick animals. So September was a month that was plentiful in terms of food for this lion who is in great condition. The advances of the Rollercoaster Males has bot influenced his behaviour much except that he is in the constant presence of the Styx Pride and was not seen to patrol his territory at all. This perhaps could be his downfall in the near future as other lions might well try and pressurise him and evict him from his current territory. October 2006 The Split Rock Male had a tough month all in all. The beginning and mid part of the month was very normal for the solitary male. He stayed close to the Styx Pride and fed very well throughout the month. Towards the end of the month, the entire Styx Pride and Split Rock Male were seen for a week or more around central and Eastern Flockfield. The Split Rock Male was particularly vocal in these areas and paid the price for this. The Rollercoaster Males heard his calls from nearby and came running towards him. After a brief encounter the Split Rock Male tucked tail and ran northward, towards the centre of his territory. He will certainly be a lot more respectful of the Rollercoaster Males in the years to come. November 2006 The Split Rock Male had a very difficult month and was not seen as frequently as in previous months. The Rollercoaster Males are putting severe pressure on this male lion and invaded his territory frequently during November, searching for him and the Styx Pride. This is not a good sign for this lion who is certainly avoiding the Rollercoaster Males as much as possible. The report period commenced with the Rollercoaster Males finding the Split Rock Male and chasing him far north after dominating him in the fight that occurred in the Sand River close to West Street. The Split Rock Male was very quiet when seen during November thereafter, not roaring lest he attract any unwanted attention from the other male lions. He was seen mainly on his own during the report period. There can be no doubt that this male is fighting for his own survival, and is struggling to protect his females and the cubs sired by him and his late brother. December 2006 The Split Rock Male made a surprise appearance in the Thamboti Thicket during the early parts of the report period. He spent two days in this area on his own. Thereafter he was only seen in the company of the Styx lionesses, in the very northern parts of the reserve. He no doubt intends to stay as far north as possible to avoid any confrontation with the Rollercoaster Males. Given the general tendency of the Rollercoaster Males to remain in the central parts of the property, it may be possible for the Split Rock Male to remain in control of the Styx Pride for a little longer. However new challengers could appear from anywhere, and he will continue to struggle to control this pride on his own. Late in the game report period the Split Rock Male was seen with the Styx Pride moving east into the KNP in the northern parts of the reserve, and then back into Mala Mala around the Windmill. This could indicate a new trend of movement for these lions, who have seldom been seen in these parts before. 2007
January 2007 The Split Rock Male lion was seen to be accompanying the Styx pride on almost all occasions and was viewed once on his own. He was only heard to roar once whilst ranges were in attendance, a clear indication of his lack of confidence. February 2007 The Split Rock male lion was again seen to trail the Styx pride, which is similar to his movements from the previous month. The male was seen on six occasions on his own, with the longest time away from the pride to be about a week. Interestingly the male appeared to search for the pride in all their old regularly frequented areas, including Campbell Koppies. Importantly Campbell Koppies was the area, which the pride had made their den site for the cubs of the passed season. The male was in good health throughout the report period, and appeared well fed even in the period of absence from the pride, indicating that he had either killed for himself or had success in stealing kills from other predators. Although the male continues to stay in close contact with the pride, a second lioness of the Styx pride was reported to seek the Rollercoaster males as her preffered choice of suitor. This indicates that the pride will possibly be seen apart from the male more frequently in the future. March 2007 The Split Rock male was seen with the Styx Pride apart from the 25 th of February. During the morning walk, rangers found the Split Rock male lying down on the fire-break that runs to the west of Campbell Koppies. Following up in the afternoon, rangers were able to locate the male, lying down, not too far from where he had been left. Towards nightfall, the male moved north along the eastern bank of the Mlowathi River, and drank from a small pool that had formed in the river, as a result of the rain. The male was left asleep close to the river itself. April 2007 The Split Rock Male was only seen with the Styx pride this month. A couple days into the report period the Styx pride and the Split Rock Male were found lying down close to Mlowathi dam. Later in the evening the pride got active and began hunting with intent. It was not long before one of the lionesses successfully brought down a male impala, not far from were they were found lying down. The Split Rock Male dominated the feeding with the seven hungry lionesses getting only a small share. May 2007 The Split Rock male was viewed on 2 occasions during the beginning of the report period, once on his own and once with the Styx pride. The constant presence of the Rollercoaster males has resulted in him being driven off the property and he has not been seen for some weeks now. This male lion has, however, been looking healthy on both occasions and it probably wont be long before this legend of a male lion turns up again to seek the company of the Styx Pride. June 2007 The Split Rock Male lives on!!! This tough old lion was seen 6 times in this month. He is still covering vast distances, but this is understandable in an old male lion that has been ousted from his territory. Each time he was seen he was in remarkably good condition. He has not been seen in the northern parts of the reserve for a long time and no wonder with the Rollercoaster males running around. He appears to have been shunned by the Styx pride and is now most likely relying on scavenging hyena, leopard and other kills to get his food. Each time he is seen, he appears to have new scars and battle wounds, but always appears well fed. September 2007 Kruger male & Split Rock male lion - These two old male lions appear to have come together and to have formed some sort of coalition. The males were seen in association with the Charleston pride, and were seen to mate with at least one of the lionesses. The Split Rock male is, however, extremely emaciated and it appears as if this old legend has his days numbered. October 2007 Amazingly the Split Rock Male was seen twice early in the report period - he was seen to mate with the Charleston lioness. Near the beginning of the month one of the Charleston females was seen to mate with one of the Kruger males. Interestingly, the old male that had attached himself to the pride seems to have joined up with another male. Upon closer inspection of photos of the badly conditioned male that was mating with the female, rangers made a startling discovery. The male mating was the Split Rock male; he was in a badly malnourished state and was only skin and bones but had the stamina to mate for two days. This goes to show the tenacity of old male lions and their will to carry on. 
Junior near Orpen in the Manyeleti on the 7th of January.
Photo credit: Anelia Dodd  *This image is copyright of its original author
@vinodkumarn In the maps I have Manyeleti isn't part of Sabi Sand.
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