behind the big cat's and bear's, who is the top predator?

[Shadow]

For me it looks like, that @Styx38  quoted studies in quite ok way. So I think, that impossible to totally ignore what zoologists and biologists say. Of course photos are photos, but for instance that bull kudu related to this article https://magazine.africageographic.com/weekly/issue-206/theres-a-leopard-in-my-garden/ was killed in area, which is fenced and no lions there. Or did I understand wrong?

What comes to this quote: 
"In the absence of
tiger, however, leopard consumed larger prey [50,70], indicating prey size of leopard is affected by tiger
presence. In Africa, leopard regularly killed larger ungulate species, including adult common eland
(Taurotragus oryx) and greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsicerso), in the absence of larger carnivores [1,76],
demonstrating the ability of leopard to expand its dietary niche in the absence of larger competitors."

For me relevant thing is part "leopard regularly killed". That can´t be denied with 1-2 photos, when trying to dispute result of scientific study, which doesn´t say that leopard wouldn´t kill at all big prey in presence of bigger predators. Regularly indicates naturally, that more often when no bigger predators.

Source was this: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323010178_An_adaptable_but_threatened_big_cat_density_diet_and_prey_selection_of_the_Indochinese_leopard_Panthera_pardus_delacouri_in_eastern_Cambodia

I haven´t looked too closely now, but maybe here is situation, where both have good points to consider and not the best place to maintain purely "yes-no" discussion. 

Actually I have to admit, that I am not quite sure, about what here is now disagreement in the first place :) Reply