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Tiger-Lion Coexistence in Eurasia between Middle Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs
Tiger-Lion Coexistence in Eurasia between Middle Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs
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Tiger-Lion Coexistence in Eurasia between Middle Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs
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This thread should be about the discussion of coexistence in b/w Lion and Tiger in Eurasian Wilderness in Late Pleistocene to Holocene's 19th century. Though they lived together only in small part of Europe continent i.e.., south-eastern Europe it is still a part of the continent.
Coexisted Ones:
These coexisted for over 50,000-30,000 of years preferring different habitats in the same Ecoregion and it is the major reason for the implementation of Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project to Madhya Pradesh’s Kuno and Rajasthan’s Sita, Khumbalgarh analogous to Yellow stone wolf reintroduction (apex predator) to restore ecological diversity and balance of open biomes. In ecology, they are two types of Inter-species interactions in Animal communities which we can discuss here leaving others like Symbiosis, Mutualism, Parasitism etc... 1. Competition is one of the most ubiquitous of species interactions. It occurs any time a resource that is essential to growth and reproduction (e.g., food, shelter, nesting sites) occurs in short supply. The acquisition of the resource by one individual simultaneously deprives others’ access to it, and this has a negative effect on the fitness of individuals and the per capita growth rates of populations. Competition is thus an interaction that has mutually negative effects on the participants. 2. Coexistence results when populations of several species that utilize the same limiting resources manage to persist within the same locality. Competition exists b/w all species occupying and functioning in a niche. Coexistence, helps in reducing the effect of competition but can't extinguish it completely. Coexistence theory is a framework to understand how competitor traits can maintain species diversity and stave-off competitive exclusion even among similar species living in ecologically similar environments. Coexistence theory explains the stable coexistence of species as an interaction between two opposing forces: fitness differences between species, which should drive the best-adapted species to exclude others within a particular ecological niche, and stabilizing mechanisms, which maintains diversity via niche differentiation. Strategy for Coexistence: It is the same like other territorial animals mainly Carnivorous mammals. Pack-Pack (Both Social): This is the most successful match up Lion-Dhole or Indian Wild Dog [in the past], Lion-Hyena (spotted/striped too sometimes forms clans), Lion- African Wild Dog, Brown Bear-Wolf, Hyena (spotted)-Wild Dog etc.., you name it. Solitary-Solitary: This is least successflul most of the time the superior one eliminates inferior due to competitive exclusion or extinction (eg: Bear Dog-Daeodon, in case of predatory Dinosaurs competitions etc..,) Leopard-Cheetah, Leopard-tiger, Sloth Bear-Tiger, Black bear-Sloth bear, Brown bear-Black Bear, Puma-Jaguar, Spectacled Bear-Jaguar, Brown bear-Wolf, Tiger Shark-Great White, Lynx-Wolverine, Sun Bear-Tiger, Asiatic Black Bear-Tiger, Bear-Boar etc..., you name it. Pack-Solitary: This combination is the one of the most successful like Tiger-Dhole, Lion-Leopard, Tiger-Wolf, Leopard-Wolf, Leopard-Wild Dog genus, Puma-Wolf, Sloth bear-Wolf, Sloth Bear-Wild Dog, Striped Hyena-Asiatic Lion, Cheetah-Wild Dogs, Hyenas-Cheetah, Orca-Great White, Lynx-Wolf, Wolverine-wolf, Striped Hyena-Wolf (Arabian mainly), Asiatic Lion-Wolf (past) are some of the examples of recent times and uncountable of such examples are there since Territorial animals evolution from Amphibians to Dinos to Birds and Mammals. Another Example is our discussion topic i.e.., Lion and Tiger coexistence or co-occurrence to avoid competitive exclusion. Please once read this typical example of inter-specific interactions #152 #17 solitary-pack interaction in b/w wolf-dhole and striped hyena and wolf throughout Asia. Did the wolves attack or lunge on the lone striped hyena, can't they win at the last at what cost? some pack members death? animals are not dumb. why would they? is it a prey? whats the need? is it an rival pack or even its own species/clade/genus/family in taxonomy? Can't Dholes go on killing spree over jackals/foxes/similar packed and similar sized wolves in Asia? Same questions: Did the dholes attack or lunge on the small wolves packs, can't they win at the last at what cost? some pack members death? animals are not brainless. why would they? is it a prey? or whats the need? is it an rival pack or even its own species/clade/genus/family in taxonomy? Even sometimes these interactions become mutualistic or symbiotic beneficial attachments like in #17. Just don't say FIGHT C'mon bring them on. I don't want to see them fighting in putting both the same area in wild. Its dangerous, they are mortal enemies from past lives. Its revenge. (w**). Think!!! Some of the animals particularly, Big cats are intelligent, they avoid unnecessary fights with other equally strong/more powerful animal species (except when the opposite animal type is inferior) at all costs which leads to injuries and sometimes death directly or indirectly due to infections of wounds occurred during brawls and damage to body parts bringing disability in either survival or hunting. They are extremely territorial towards conspecies. They do this to ensure the mating rights to ensure passage of superior genes and to avoid competition for resources which are limited in a given particular area i.e.., territory or home range. Any animal species particularly predators see other predatorial species as threat/prey(most of the time it is less likely)/competitor for resources. So, the superior one eliminates the inferior when given chance and the inferior one avoids confrontation or conflict/fight with the superior at all costs and controls competition by killing the juveniles as the other side does to do the same. when threatened for life; it's off-spring or stealing food, the inferior one leaves when there is an escape but when there is no escape fight is inevitable but this scenario is almost impossible in wild. inferior ones that are sick or injured or juveniles on either side to minimize the competition. Animals are not killing or fighting machines they know their life value which is important to continue their own race. yes, competitive exclusion or extinction may happen of an inferior species in inter-specific competition in a particular region partially or entirely but mostly that is in the case of solitary-solitary type conflict or competition in the same niche in the ecosystem. Tiger-Lion not even prefer to live in the same habitat of the same region even if sometimes overlapped the Lion pride and Tiger don't risk to fight and one of them back off or flee based on the situation. This is addressed by wildlife institute of India, NTCA, IUCN, World Wildlife fund and Wildlife trust of India and many of wildlife conservation bodies or organizations at the national and international level, nature conservationists, experts, modern biologists and scientists, researchers in documents and books to support reintroduction of lions. Tiger didn't play literally any I mean any role in lion isolation to Gir (No Tiger can be on a killing spree wrath on lion prides without doing their duties of nature like eating, mating etc.., and can't stand a chance against all of them no matter how big, and same goes to lion as they don't "lunge" and "chase" on tigers on site & speculations tiger is not cheetah, it will be caught and eaten. See tiger is not less in speed and they don't chase like it was their prey or other male "lion", it is completely an alien or a weird similar or even bigger sized thing or "species" in where closer to its species) it is the depleting arid habitats naturally and due to humans as humans settlements occur in arid regions as revenue lands (P.S. human civilization associated with water but not in modern times since technology development to utilize ground water) and killing spree of humans through hunting of both the keystone species of the same environment that is Lion and Cheetah of open environments which made the situation even worse for not only them but also other grassland species in decreasing their population resulting in local or sometime entire population extinctions due to ecological imbalance. Only, Indian Wolf remain as a keystone species for very little Indian grassland and scrublands ecosystems. It is also endangered and has only partial effectiveness in ecological functionality in maintaining herbivore population dynamics. Lion and tiger don't fight for fun unlike in captivity, where the animals are starved and got no way to escape and avoid the fight but to fight until death. It's totally, different in the wild. Both succeeded to live together for thousands of years until 19th-century shortly after humans exterminated and separated them. P.S. No "vs" information should be allowed in this topic. Provide further information regarding the once coexisted areas in Europe and Asian nations, history about it, evidences, times to and fro i.e.., when to when, mechanisms or strategies of avoiding excess inter-species competition and impacts on populations, theory of coexistence etc.., Opinions are welcomed in this thread... 
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