Small monkeys... - Printable Version

Small monkeys... - Printable Version

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RE: Small monkeys... - Dark Jaguar - 04-17-2021

Its not that small though haha.

Red Faced Spider Monkey

https://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/faunabrasileira/estado-de-conservacao/7195-mamiferos-ateles-paniscus-macaco-aranha

ValCampos CPB

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RE: Small monkeys... - Dark Jaguar - 05-01-2021

Intelligence of the Capuchins Monkeys in order to get food - Brazil

RE: Small monkeys... - Dark Jaguar - 05-24-2021

Joe & Mary Ann McDonald

''Black Howler Monkey Sitting In Tree, Brazil''

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RE: Small monkeys... - Dark Jaguar - 01-15-2022

Capuchin Monkey

Jéssica dos Anjos

''I've never managed to eat a papaya from the papaya trees from the hotel here, the Capuchin monkeys always arrive first lol.''

RE: Small monkeys... - Dark Jaguar - 02-23-2022

Howler Monkeys vocalizing in the Pantanal.

Sean Keuroghlian-Eaton

''Howler Monkeys (Allouatta belzebul) doing what they're famous for, being the heavy metal singers of South America. The male is the large black one while adult females are blond.''

VIDEO

RE: Small monkeys... - Styx38 - 09-25-2022

Not sure whether Rhesus Macaques qualify as small monkeys, but there was one study which showed that they have greater proportional strength and endurance in comparison to Chimps.

"The great suspension time superiority of the rhesus monkey over the chimpanzee is obviously due to the fact that there is not only a marked difference in relative strength (61 per cent), but also endurance increases disproportionately with relatively slight reductions in sub-maximal loading. The chimpanzee and human data reveal that the ape understandably is clearly stronger both relatively and absolutely."

Edwards, William E. STUDY OF MONKEY, APE AND HUMAN MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY RELATING TO STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE; PHASE 2: FACTORS IN THE POSTURE AND GRASPING STRENGTH OF MONKEYS, APES, AND MAN. EDWARDS (WILLIAM E) COLUMBIA SC, 1963.

RE: Small monkeys... - TheHyenid76 - 01-04-2024

Images of various primates in Bangladesh. The photos were taken by Hassan Al Razi, pHD student at the University of Western Australia and he is also working to conserve the wild primates of Bangladesh. His ResearchGate profile & his WordPress blog. The primates are : Bengal Slow Loris, Phayre's langur, Western Hoolock Gibbon & Northern pig-tailed macaque

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RE: Small monkeys... - TheHyenid76 - 04-29-2024

Three absolutely incredible photos of Phayre's langur in Bangladesh. Credits to Abu Bakar Siddik. Information regarding the biology and conservation of Phayre's langur will be posted later.

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RE: Small monkeys... - TheHyenid76 - 06-03-2024

Bengal slow loris in Bangladesh. Credits to Sabit Hasan & Hassan Al Razi. Satchari National Park and northeast Bangladesh is very important for the primates of this country.

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'Artificial Canopy Bridges' a really cool method to mitigate deaths of arboreal animals

RE: Small monkeys... - TheHyenid76 - 06-24-2024

Four of the ten primates of Bangladesh: Capped Langur, Western Hoolock Gibbon, Assamese Macaque & Bengal Slow Loris. Credits to Harish Deb Barma.

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RE: Small monkeys... - TheHyenid76 - 07-25-2024

Sorry guys, was gone for a while but I'm back! Exciting and interesting info on mammalian fauna will flood this site in coming days, God willing. But for now, a Western hoolock gibbon and its young in Bangladesh. Credits to Dr Monirul H. Khan.

*This image is copyright of its original author

RE: Small monkeys... - BA0701 - 07-25-2024

(07-25-2024, 06:10 PM)TheHyenid76 Wrote: Sorry guys, was gone for a while but I'm back! Exciting and interesting info on mammalian fauna will flood this site in coming days, God willing. But for now, a Western hoolock gibbon and its young in Bangladesh. Credits to Dr Monirul H. Khan.

*This image is copyright of its original author

Welcome back, I can't wait to see what surprises you've returned with.

RE: Small monkeys... - TheHyenid76 - 08-12-2024

A strange image! A young hybrid between a Phayre's langur and a Capped langur. They're both of the genus Trachypithecus. The second pic shows the young primate with its mother a Capped langur and its father is a Phayre's langur. Credits to Dr Monirul H. Khan. Source.

*This image is copyright of its original author

RE: Small monkeys... - TheHyenid76 - 08-13-2024

It seems there are more than one hybrid young langurs. Dr Monirul Khan writes: "Hybrid (no. 3) langur baby playing with a leaf while its mother was roosting on a nearby branch at Satchari National Park, Bangladesh; Jul 2024. This is the third and the youngest of the three hybrid langurs having Phayre's Langur father and Capped Langur mother." Satchari National Park and Northeast Bangladesh in general are very important places for the primates of Bangladesh however their habitats are being destroyed rapidly. Information aside, he/she is just soo cute!

*This image is copyright of its original author

RE: Small monkeys... - TheHyenid76 - 09-08-2024

Scientific literature on Long-Tailed Macaques/Crab-Eating Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and its local extinction from Bangladesh

The long-tailed as well as the rhesus belong to the genus macaque. Their distribution area extends from Bangladesh and Myanmar in the west across Malaysia and Indonesia in the south to the Philippines. Currently, primatologists can distinguish between ten different subspecies that partly live on isolated islands and differ in the color of their fur, tail length, and the shape of the cheek hair.

From IUCN Red List Assessment: Macaca fascicularis, Long-tailed macaque. Assessment by: Hansen, M.F et al.

Description of the species' range. They are widely distributed across southeast Asia. Long-tailed macaques have been extirpated from Bangladesh, which was the species' westernmost part of its geographic range.

"Macaca fascicularis is widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia (Fooden 1995, Gumert 2011). Throughout this large range, the species is patchy in occurrence and not continuously distributed (Eudey 2008). According to Fooden (1995, 2006), and much other work, the population is distributed across the majority of mainland Southeast Asia. The species used to occur in South Asia in Bangladesh, though it is now considered extinct there (pers. obs. Tanvir Ahmed, 2022), and only remains in the Nicobar Islands in South Asia. In Southeast Asia, they occur in the northern coastal region of Rakhine, spreading south through the coastal lowlands of Myanmar, and east through Thailand, most of Cambodia, the southeastern tip of Laos, and southern Vietnam. M. fascicularis extends south through the Malaysian peninsula, into the Indonesia islands, and throughout the islands of the Philippines. Long-tailed macaques also occur on numerous islands throughout Southeast Asia."

Information about the habitat and ecology of long-tailed macaques. They are adapted to living in a wide range of habitats and can survive in human-altered habitats and can be found close to human settlements.

"The species is a generalist and opportunist and has adapted to living in a wide range of habitats, including forests, coasts, hills, and mountains (Fooden 1995). They occur most commonly in mangroves and swamp forests, particularly in riverine habitats; however, they are also commonly found in humanaltered habitats, which include temples, roadsides, agricultural areas, and rural/urban settlements (Gumert 2011). It is possible that a significant portion of their population is synanthropic. They have inhabited human environments for millennia. Consequently, anthropogenic ecologies are an important aspect of their historical natural ecology (Gumert et al. 2011, Fuentes et al. 2005, Marty et al. 2020), and should be considered as such when considering their habitat types."

Threats to the long-tailed/crab-eating macaque. Hunting, trapping, persecution and pressure due to human-macaque conflict are the major threats to this species. Habitat loss is also a huge threat to this primate (and all primates in general). Few range countries have authoritative estimate of their long-tailed macaque populations.

"Additional to the hunting and persecution that M. fascicularis face, we must also factor in the significantly changing landscape of Southeast Asia that continues to be deforested, reshaped, and degraded (Sodhi et al. 2004). Furthermore, we cannot ignore that very few habitat countries have authoritative estimates of their entire M. fascicularis populations, yet, in many places, we are seeing an indiscriminate removal of these monkeys with the assumption that they are impervious to decline. There is a general lack of protection of this species across their range, although there are laws in place to protect them in several habitat countries."

Another massive threat to long-tailed macaques is the opinion that they are useless, a pest and over-abundant. This is obviously not true but despite that large numbers of macaques have been removed in range countries e.g Malaysia. This practice has caused local extinctions of the species and without proper wildlife management, the populations of these macaques are likely to continue declining.

"A more insidious, but real, threat is the opinion of some public and wildlife authorities that M. fascicularis is unimportant, a maligned pest, over-abundant, and should be removed. Such sentiment has given rise to the illusory perception that long-tailed macaques are continuously distributed and overabundant everywhere throughout their range, exonerating the unsustainable removal of large numbers of individuals from the population. Take for example the large numbers removed in Malaysia, >400,000 individuals from 2011 to 2018 (Alpert 2013, Perhilitan 2018), and the current removal activities in the Philippines and Malaysia (GMA News 2022, The Star 2022). This practice has contributed to known localised declines and extinctions, and will likely contribute to many more in the future. These perceptions and attitudes held by many also underlie the notable lack of legal protection and malaise of enforcement for any laws that do apply to protecting long-tailed macaques. Given these challenges, without properly planned wildlife management programs, M. fascicularis will continue to experience significant and substantial population declines into the near future."

Hunting is also a major threat to the species.

"In Viet Nam, keeping the species as a pet is very common, although it is protected by law. Confiscated long-tailed macaques are often released without proper procedure, contributing to negative human macaque interactions and possible disease and parasite introduction in the release area (Aldrich and Neale 2021). Currently, Indonesian, Philippine, and Vietnamese organisations report capture for pets and research as the main threat. Cambodia reports it to be deforestation."

"Hunting for subsistence is also a threat for the species, mostly documented by anecdotal reports, but in, for example, the Eastern Plains of Cambodia, hunting is monitored and well documented (see, for example, Ibbett et al. in review)."

Country Occurrence:

Native, Extant (resident): Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; India (Nicobar Is.); Indonesia; Malaysia; Myanmar; Philippines; Singapore; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Viet Nam

Native, Extinct: Bangladesh

Native, Presence Uncertain: Lao People's Democratic Republic

Extant & Introduced (resident): Mauritius; Palau; Papua New Guinea

Distribution map

*This image is copyright of its original author

Historical distribution of long-tailed macaques in Bangladesh and its local extirpation from the country

The subspecies of long-tailed macaque was the Burmese Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis ssp. aurea). It was found in Cox's Bazar the southeasternmost region of the country and close to the border with Myanmar. This is also the place where more or less than a million Rohingya Muslim refugees from Myanmar came and temporary settled and that has caused problems to the natural habitats of this area.

From 'The present status and distribution of Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis aurea (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Bangladesh' LINK

The Long-tailed or Crab-eating Macaque (Macaca fascicularisaurea I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1830), locally called Parailla Banor is one of the 10 species of primates known to occur in Bangladesh (Ahsan 1984). The zoologists of Bangladesh first came to know about it in 1981 from the coastal mangrove forests of Whykheong area along the Naf River belt of Teknaf under Cox’s Bazar Forest Division (Ahsan 1984). At that time the total population of the species in the areas was estimated to be 253 (Ahsan 1984; Khan et al. 1984). During the late 1980s the coastal-forested areas of the habitat of Long-tailed Macaque were leased for culturing shrimps. Then, the fate of the macaques became vulnerable and they probably left the area due to clearing of the forests for shrimp culture. After that few people have seen the macaques. Recently we located one group along the Naf River belt. An attempt was made to: (i) assess the present status and distribution of the Long-tailed Macaque in Bangladesh; (ii) point out causes of habitat and species loss; and (iii) recommend conservation measures.

Important information from this paper:

Causes of habitat destruction of the Long-tailed Macaque: The main causes of habitat destruction of the Long-tailed Macaque were found to be:

clearing mangrove vegetation for shrimp culture
cutting comparatively old trees for the extension of agricultural land for irrigation and for use as fuel
fishermen and fish buyers coming to the mud belt during low tide, hampering feeding of macaques
local people grazing cattle in the habitat of macaques
presence of Rohinga refugees from Myanmar temporarily settled (in 1993 and still there in 2011, in two camps), destroying some habitat of macaques
establishment of new settlements along the Naf River coastal belt
the construction of two jetties from the port to the Ansar Camp

[Showing the past (red circle) and present (white circle) distribution of Long-tailed Macaque in Bangladesh]

*This image is copyright of its original author

[Existing group of the Long-tailed Macaque in Bangladesh]

*This image is copyright of its original author

This study was published in 2012 and even then the long-tailed macaque was close to extinction in Bangladesh. Sadly, since the study, Bangladesh has bid farewell to long-tailed macaques and Cox's Bazar was the westernmost area of the species' geographic range. However, not all hope is lost as we shall see.

From 'Extinction alert: Bangladesh bids farewell to long-tailed macaquesta'. This article is written by Muntasir Akash (Associate professor of Zoology at the University of Dhaka) who has conducted a lot of research on the fauna of the country especially understudied & less 'charismatic' ones like Badgers. In this article, he details the extinction of the Long-tailed macaques from Bangladesh and also quotes Tanvir Ahmed, a Bangladeshi primatologist, who is pursuing his PhD at the German Primate Center.

Important information from this article:

Bangladesh lies in the westernmost corner of the global distribution of the long-tailed macaques. The species is distributed across Mainland Southeast Asia including the islands of the Bay of Bengal and the Indonesian archipelago.

This assessment looked into the macaque's status in each of the countries it reportedly lives in and formally confirmed its extinction from Bangladesh. Our country has lost an enigmatic monkey. Another name has piled up on the ever-expanding list of species that have left the country forever.

In the early 1980s, Dr Farid Ahsan, a professor of Zoology at the Chattogram University found 253 individuals of the macaque in the Chakaria Sundarbans. It was the mangrove forest along the Matamuhuri River.

As the new millennium commenced, only 30 macaques appeared in what had remained of the Chakaria Sundarbans. The number dwindled to a single digit in the last decade. The sweeping of the forest was completed. About three to eight long-tailed macaques were making a last stand at their ancestral home along the muddy, tree-less shores of the Naf. Yet the vision was lacking. Nobody had thought the unthinkable, took no measure. It did not occur to anyone that even a monkey can get extinct.

Quotations of Tanvir Ahmed in this article:

No one ever wants to consider a species extinct but I was forced to do it in my early career. I did not think my involvement in the assessment of the long-tailed macaque would turn sombre. It is the saddest statement I have ever made as a researcher.

After every field trip, we could not walk for a few days, thanks to the cuts our feet managed from the broken shell-shards hideously hidden in the mud. We interviewed local men and with the help of Border Guard Bangladesh, we went to the remotest of the areas. We were perplexed why and how a well-distributed and ecologically flexible species could become extinct

There are already many successful examples of wildlife reintroduction made with precise scientific decisions. We, too, can make way for the reintroduction of the Burmese subspecies

When we have the ability to support several hundred thousand refugees, can we not bring back a monkey?

This possibility of reintroduction is not just the idea of Tanvir Ahmed but also Dr Farid Ahsan (who can be rightly considered one of the pioneers of primatology in Bangladesh) & Tarik Kabir proposed the idea of reintroducing these macaques. They wrote (in the paper above): "Furthermore, attempts may be made to reintroduce some individuals of Long-tailed Macaque from Myanmar as the same subspecies occurs there."

Camera trap image and footage of the long-tailed macaque. Both are in Malaysia (an important stronghold of the species)