There is a world somewhere between reality and fiction. Although ignored by many, it is very real and so are those living in it. This forum is about the natural world. Here, wild animals will be heard and respected. The forum offers a glimpse into an unknown world as well as a room with a view on the present and the future. Anyone able to speak on behalf of those living in the emerald forest and the deep blue sea is invited to join.
--- Peter Broekhuijsen ---

Thumbs Up Muscular Differences and Structures in Various Animals
Posted by: Polar - 01-16-2017, 03:24 AM - Forum: Debate and Discussion about Wild Animals - Replies (17)
As various members saw in the "Animal Art" thread, I did a anatomical drawing of the muscular systems of both the tiger and human (both male and female), respectively. I've done plenty of research about the muscular structures of various animals and the differences in muscular structure. As far as I know, carnivores have a vastly different (and more powerful) muscular structure than primates or herbivores in terms of microscopic differences.

Anyone have any supporting data about muscular systems to put here? 

I will start putting my own data.
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  The small creatures - Insects, Invertebrates and bugs
Posted by: sanjay - 01-11-2017, 08:17 PM - Forum: Invertebrate and Insects - Replies (61)
For time being, In this thread we are going to post information, images and videos related to small creatures. They are very very special and show behaviors which resemblance to aliens.
I request members to post interesting information here.
I am starting with a video that I saw in FB, It is related to Mantis, showing a parasite living inside it.

Its video, click to play it



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  Caiman (Paleosuchus, Melanosuchus, Caiman)
Posted by: Paleosuchus - 01-07-2017, 02:16 AM - Forum: Reptiles and Birds - Replies (52)
Since we have threads for crocodiles and alligators, these more unknown animals deserve some love :) I'll be posting miscellaneous data when i can for now, here is some of the stuff i've come across on the elusive Dwarf caiman(Palpebrosus and Trigonatus). Various data on morphology and ecology can be found below.

Trigonatus on the left, Palpebrosus on the right

*This image is copyright of its original author


*This image is copyright of its original author

Between the two, Trigonatus has a more elongated snout whilst Palpebrosus has more of a "bulldog" skull.

*This image is copyright of its original author



*This image is copyright of its original author


Live specimens
Palpebrosus

*This image is copyright of its original author


Trigonatus

*This image is copyright of its original author

Both of these heavily armored caiman have an earth tone coloration that allows them to perfectly blend into their environment, as evidenced by these photos courtesy of Arkive

*This image is copyright of its original author



*This image is copyright of its original author


Here is some information from Fredrico Medem(1958) on the largest known individuals(at this time), behavior, and dietary habits

*This image is copyright of its original author



*This image is copyright of its original author


ignoring the maximum of 1.7m given for P.palpebrosus here, as it comes from a time before larger individuals were discovered (in the last decade), this is interesting stuff. Trigonatus appears to be less gregarious in the form of juvenile creches then Palpebrosus.

Addressing the size of Palpebrosus

*This image is copyright of its original author



*This image is copyright of its original author



*This image is copyright of its original author


*This image is copyright of its original author



Very cool to see larger animals coming from the Pantanal.
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  European Wolves
Posted by: Ngala - 01-05-2017, 08:09 PM - Forum: Canids (Canidae) & Hyaenids (Hyaenidae) - Replies (88)
This is a thread dedicate to the European wolves. Share photos, videos, data and all information about these wolves.

There are many works on genetic and studies on population about the wolves in Europe, so i tried to take the most useful information from the various studies, to make a description below.

GENETIC DIFFERENCES AND TAXONOMIC NOTES
Based on the microsatellites markers, in Europe we can recognizable ten different populations of wolves (Chapron et al., 2014; Hindrikson et al., 2016):

1 - Scandinavian population 
2 - Karelian population 
3 - Baltic population 
4 - Central European Lowland population
5 - Italian peninsular population 
6 - Alpine population 
7 - Carpathian population 
8 - Dinaric-Balkan population 
9 - North-west Iberian population 
10 - Sierra-Morena population

The two populations from Italy, we can consider a one, composed by two subpopulations (Alpine and Apennine); the same for the Iberian Peninsula (North-West Iberia and Sierra-Morena).

The Italian wolf, named Canis lupus italicus, described by Altobello in 1900, is genetically separated from other wolves in Europe (Nowak & Federoff, 2002). The same applies for the Iberian wolf, named Canis lupus signatus, described by Cabrera in 1907 (Ramírez et al., 2006). This separation is supported also by Ersmark et al., 2016, after the DNA analysis based on haplotypes. He says:

"In Eurasian wolves, there are few decisive signs of population structure shaped by glacial refugia during the LGM, something which has been suggested for other mammals (Taberlet and Bouvet, 1994; Stewart et al., 2010). One example is the Italian wolf population, which is clearly distinct, and positioned close to the ancient wolves in the phylogeny. Other studies have estimated that this population was in fact isolated for thousands of generations in the Italian Peninsula (Lucchini et al., 2004). Interestingly, genomic data from a recent study revealed genetic distinctiveness in wolves from both from the Italian and the Iberian peninsulas, explaining it as a result of isolation during the LGM (vonHoldt et al., 2011)."

The other populations are attributable to the nominal subspecies, Canis lupus lupus (Linnaeus, 1758).

DISTRIBUTION
From Hindrikson et al., 2016:

*This image is copyright of its original author

Fig. 1. Wolf distribution and directions of gene flow in Europe. Green indicates wolf permanent occurrence, and dark grey sporadic occurrence (modified from Chapron et al., 2014). Wolf occurrence in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus is not marked on the map. Confirmed dispersal between and within wolf populations is indicated by red arrows (numbers correspond to those given in Appendix S2).

According to Hindrikson et al., 2016:
THE MAIN THREATS TO WOLF POPULATIONS IN EUROPE
Europe in general
"Common threats to almost all wolf populations in Europe are overharvesting (including poaching), low public acceptance and conflicts due to livestock depredation (Table 4; Fig. 8), resulting most likely from a lack of knowledge and poor management structure, but also from livestock damage and deep fears of wolf attacks on humans and dogs. Interactions with domestic dogs leading to disease transfer and/or hybridization have also generated concern (Leonard et al., 2014). However, other threats, such as habitat destruction and large fluctuations in prey base, are also relevant to the majority of populations. Thus, various human-related factors are undoubtedly the main source of threats to wolf populations in Europe, and the generally negative human attitude toward wolves has been and remains the primary threat to wolf populations. Historically, even infectious diseases (e.g. rabies, sarcoptic mange) have not had such a devastating impact on wolf numbers as negative human attitudes, resulting in severe hunting pressure (legal and illegal), which inmany areas in Europe led to wolf eradication in the past and continues to threaten small endangered populations (e.g. in Sierra Morena).

Hunting, as well as other direct anthropogenic threats can have genetic consequences (Allendorf et al., 2008), especially for social species such as the wolf (e.g. Creel & Rotella, 2010; Ausband et al., 2015).

The most significant consequence is restriction to gene flow that can result in considerable genetic drift and inbreeding. Severe reduction or loss of population connectivity inside and among European wolf populations is the most challenging factor that requires strong measures, especially in areas where hunting pressure on wolves has been strong for some time (Kaczensky et al., 2013; Jansson et al., 2014; Chapron & Treves, 2016; Plumer et al., 2016). Wolf–dog hybridization is the second most common genetic-related threat in the majority of European wolf populations (Table 4). Hybridization has been shown to increase under strong anthropogenic pressure, especially at the population periphery and in areas with high human-caused mortality (Andersone et al., 2002; Vil`a et al., 2003b; Godinho et al., 2011; Hindrikson et al., 2012; Leonard et al., 2014). Another factor that can play an important role in wolf–dog hybridization is the disruption of social structure due to high hunting pressure (Valdmann et al., 2004; J ¸edrzejewski et al., 2005), that can potentialy increase the risk of hybridization. Moreover, introgression (following hybridization) can bring selective genetic changes by introducing maladapted genes into wild populations (Leonard et al., 2014).

Large carnivores can coexist with humans if a favourable management policy is applied (Linnell, Salvatori & Boitani, 2008; Treves et al., 2016), but their role as apex predators is reduced if they do not reach ecological functionality (Estes et al., 2011; Ordiz et al., 2013, and references therein). Nevertheless, there is a pressing need to mitigate conflicts in ways that are both effective and acceptable (Sillero-Zubiri & Laurenson, 2001).Two large international legislation systems currently direct wolfmanagement in Europe: the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (the Bern Convention), and Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (the Habitats Directive; Trouwborst, 2010). Although these international agreements seek to standardize conservation actions across Europe, both the Bern Convention and the Habitats Directive have allowed countries to make national or local modifications to the status of wolves. However, the conservation actions taken to date have apparently not been sufficient to protect all wolf populations under threat, e.g. in the case of wolf populations in Sierra Morena (see Section V.2i).

To handle the threats and conservation/management issues in European wolf populations in a systematic manner, we first identify the main gaps in current knowledge and suggest solutions to overcome these limitations and then provide suggestions for efficient science-based wolf conservation and management in Europe."

Principal studies that i have consulted:
Hindrikson, M., Remm, J., Pilot, M., Godinho, R., Stronen, A. V., Baltrūnaité, L., Czarnomska, S. D., Leonard, J. A., Randi, E., Nowak, C., Åkesson, M., López-Bao, J. V., Álvares, F., Llaneza, L., Echegaray, J., Vilà, C., Ozolins, J., Rungis, D., Aspi, J., Paule, L., Skrbinšek, T. and Saarma, U. (2016), Wolf population genetics in Europe: a systematic review, meta-analysis and suggestions for conservation and management. Biol Rev. doi:10.1111/brv.12298

Ersmark, Erik; Klütsch, Cornelya F. C.; Chan, Yvonne L.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Fain, Steven R.; Illarionova, Natalia A.; Oskarsson, Mattias; Uhlén, Mathias; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Dalén, Love; Savolainen, Peter (2016). "From the Past to the Present: Wolf Phylogeography and Demographic History Based on the Mitochondrial Control Region". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 4. doi:10.3389/fevo.2016.00134

Chapron G, Kaczensky P, Linnell JDC, von Arx M, Huber D, Andrén H. 2014 Recovery of large carnivores in Europe's modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 346, 1517–1519. doi:10.1126/science.1257553

Stronen AV, Jędrzejewska B, Pertoldi C, Demontis D, Randi E, Niedziałkowska M, et al. (2013) North-South Differentiation and a Region of High Diversity in European Wolves (Canis lupus). PLoS ONE 8(10): e76454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076454

Pilot, M. G.; Branicki, W.; Jędrzejewski, W. O.; Goszczyński, J.; Jędrzejewska, B. A.; Dykyy, I.; Shkvyrya, M.; Tsingarska, E. (2010). "Phylogeographic history of grey wolves in Europe". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 104. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-104
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  Happy New Year 2017
Posted by: chaos - 12-31-2016, 09:56 PM - Forum: Miscellaneous - Replies (9)
Happy and healthy New year to everyone!
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  Tigers of the Eastern Ghats
Posted by: parvez - 12-31-2016, 09:16 PM - Forum: Tiger - Replies (132)
Eastern ghats tigers include those from states of Andhra Pradesh, some parts of Tamil Nadu and Orissa. 
The tiger reserves of Simlipal, Satkosia, Srisailam-Nagarjunsagar & Amrabad, along with its buffer Gundla Brahmeswaram sanctuary lies on the eastern ghats, along with Papikonda National Park which may become one in future.

*This image is copyright of its original author


Simlipal tigers,

*This image is copyright of its original author


*This image is copyright of its original author


*This image is copyright of its original author
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  New Year 2017!
Posted by: Polar - 12-28-2016, 01:30 PM - Forum: Miscellaneous - Replies (7)
Members of WildFact, how are you all?

I create this thread for any of you to share your New Year's resolutions for the oncoming year (2017), and I shall share mine shortly. But before I get to my own resolutions, I want to state two things foremost:

- One, the series "Polar" will be a continuing series for the rest of the year, one entry every day until January 15th. If you want to access the series, look upon the "Miscellaneous" section of this forum; I update it everyday.

- Secondly, I will create a gaming-vlogging channel on YouTube called "Polar" (same account name used for here). The channel will come upon my return for the second semester of my freshman year (about January 21 or 22), and I will start to fund WildFact (and sponsor it) once I get enough revenue from my YouTube channel. Creating a YouTube channel has been one of my life goals for quite a long time, and I am happy to start this channel as soon as possible.

My New Year's resolutions?

- Make a YouTube channel: my life-long goal.

- Lose some weight: as of now, I am 250-pounds (gained 20-pounds) since leaving for university, and am planning to re-incorporate weightlifting into my Atkin's diet regimen again.

- Become physically stronger: I've always valued strength as part of my personal physical goals; overall, a polar bear needs to be physically strong to keep his image as a brute-hearted killer.


Other than these New Year's resolutions, I wish you all a early happy New Year's Day!  Happy
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  Monitor Lizards (excluding V. komodoensis)
Posted by: Paleosuchus - 12-23-2016, 04:18 AM - Forum: Reptiles and Birds - Replies (17)
A thread to share data as well as photographs of various members of Varanidae

For starters...

Behavioral plasticity and activity in Varanus salvator, the Asian water monitor
Mammal-like Feeding Behavior of Varanus salvator and its Conservational Implications*
"Lumpini Park is a fenced 58 ha public park located
in the heart of Bangkok, surrounded by a hyper-urban
environment and heavily trafficked roads
The park is open to the public during daytime hours
and is usually teeming with people engaged in jogging
and other sporting and recreational activities. Lumpini
Park includes a notable (and probably dense) population
of V. salvator. I have seen monitors of all size-classes
– from small juveniles (ca. 30 cm in total length [TL])
to very large adults of 2.5 m TL or more (estimated
from a distance). The monitors are easily spotted, either
swimming in the ponds or canals or on the shores, usually
within10 m from the water’s edge. Less frequently, they
may move away from the water – 50 m or more from
the water’s edge. Juveniles and small adults (< ca. 80
cm TL) climb trees, concrete fences and other manmade
structures. The monitors also regularly enter the
park’s underground draining system. Contrary to most
other places in Thailand, people refrain from fishing in
Lumpini Park, therefore the ponds seem to hold sizable
populations of fish, turtles and other aquatic animals. I
have observed water monitors feeding on walking catfish
(Clarias sp.), swamp eels (Fluta alba), barbs (Puntius
sp.), suckermouth catfish (Hypostomus plecostomus),
Asian box turtle (Cuora amboinensis) and food leftovers
discarded by picnickers in the park. The V. salvator of
Lumpini Park are habituated to humans and seem to
be indifferent to their presence at distances of 2-3 m or 
more. Below 2-3 m, they usually flee (usually into the
water) or display various threatening postures.
 At 1405 h on 6 January 2010, I spotted a V. salvator
(ca. 140 cm TL; estimated from a distance + another ca.
10 cm of missing tail tip) outside the fence surrounding
Lumpini Park, ca. 5 m from a water canal. The monitor
was engaged in eating a suckermouth catfish H.
plecostomus (ca. 45 cm TL, estimated from a distance).
At first, the monitor tore a hole in the skin and bore its
head into the body, much like a vulture eating softer
inner parts of a carcass. It then proceeded to rip the
body apart with its jaws using its forefeet for assistance,
consuming smaller chunks of meat at a time.  By
1440 h, a substantial amount of the fish had been eaten;
parts which remained included the head, pectoral fins,
vertebral column, and tail.
At 1453 h, the monitor
succeeded in severing the vertebral column, separating
the hind part of the body (altogether ca. 20 cm), and
took less than 3 min to swallow it whole in an anteriorposterior
orientation. During this process, the
monitor stopped all eating activities and observed me
motionlessly for ca. 2 min. What remained of the fish at
this stage included most of the head, especially the hard
dorsal part covered with bony shields, the pectoral fins,
and about 10 cm of the anterior spinal cord that remained
attached to the head.  The monitor then left the
fish, defecated, and foraged in the area for ca. 5 min,
using typical varanid foraging behaviors, eating smaller chunks of meat and other leftovers from
the fish that were scattered in the immediate vicinity.
At 1503 h, the monitor returned to the remains of the
fish carcass and continued to rip it apart. At 1505 h, it
yawned, then unsuccessfully tried to tear off parts of
the head. It then moved ca. 4 m away from the fish,
walked under the fence into the park and then returned
to the vicinity of the fish where it resumed foraging,
characterized by thorough searching accompanied by
repetitive tongue flicks, traveling back and forth into
and out of the park. At 1515 h, another two V. salvator
emerged from the nearby canal (ca. 2 m and 1 m TL). At 1525 h, it began to rain and the observation was
terminated. The net observation time for the feeding
behavior lasted 70 min and was carried out from a distance
of 3-4 m. Although the feeding monitor usually ignored
me completely, it does appear that my presence did cause
minor disturbance since it occasionally stopped eating to
observe me and the surroundings for 5-30 sec. before resuming eating; these pauses infrequently lasted
longer than a minute (1-2 min). On several occasions,
the monitor carried the fish 3-5 m away from me in an
effort to continue eating behind vegetation and a fence.
It is well known that V. komodoensis occasionally
preys on feral domestic horses and water buffaloes
(Auffenberg, 1981) that obviously cannot be swallowed
wholly. In terms of feeding and foraging behavior and
hunting tactics, V. komodoensis constitutes a category
of its own, somewhat detached from other varanids
(Auffenberg, 1981). There are no reports on such
a behavior in V. griseus, but it cannot be ruled out
(Stanner, 1983). Morphologically, there is no reason
why V. griseus (or other medium-sized varanids that
are strong enough) would not use such prey-handling
techniques. In that respect, unlike snakes whose teeth
are posteriorily curved, conical and round in transversesection,
and adapted only for holding the prey in place
and preventing it from sliding out of the mouth during
the process of swallowing, the teeth of Varanus are
bi-laterally compressed and serrated (Mertens, 1942;
Gaulke & Horn, 2004), which enables cutting and tearing
off pieces of flesh. Karunarathra et al. (2008) observed
a 2 m V. salvator swallowing a 50 cm suckermouth
catfish in the Bellanawila-Attidiya Sanctuary in Sri
Lanka; hence, it can be concluded that water monitors
are capable of either swallowing suckermouth catfish
wholly, or ripping them apart into smaller pieces with
their jaws and feet as described above. The monitor in
Bellanawila-Attidaya was 2 m long (vs. 1.4 or 1.5 m
in Lumpini Park) and the fish – 50 cm (vs. 45 cm in
Lumpini Park); therefore, predator/prey length-ratio in
Bellanawila-Attidaya was 4, vs. 3.1 or 3.3 respectively
in Lumpini Park. It can therefore be postulated that
upon attempting to eat a suckermouth catfish, or any
other type of prey for that matter, V. salvator considers
either or all of the following factors: the species of the
prey, its morphology, and the predator/prey size-ratio.
If the predator/prey size ratio is large, the monitor
will consume the prey in the easiest and quickest way
possible, by swallowing it whole. If the predator/prey
size ratio is not large, or if the prey’s morphology makes
it too difficult, hazardous or impossible to swallow, the
monitor will rip the prey apart instead.
...
Monitor lizards are the most loathed animals in
Thailand, and of the four species native to Thailand, V.
salvator is by far the most loathed. The Thai name for
this species is “Hia”, which is considered an extremely
offensive and abusive word that Thais are reluctant to
even mutter. Due to their unpopularity, Thais do not
consider monitor lizards in general, and water monitors
in particular, as worthy species for protection and
conservation. Varanus salvator can eat suckermouth
catfish of all size-classes; hence, they may now have
an opportunity to change their negative image, become
the main biological controller of suckermouth catfish,
and help save fresh-water ecosystems of Thailand.
Moreover, V. salvator routinely scavenge for food and
are capable of eating decaying carrion (Stanner unpub.
data; Traeholt, in Bennett, 1998). Water monitors can
eat large prey by ripping it apart (this study) and are
capable of eating carrion of all size-classes including
human corpses (survey in Bennett, 1998). Contrary to
the general public, Thai officials that are responsible
for the management and maintenance of fresh-water
ecosystems usually acknowledge the important role of
water monitors in maintaining sanitation in fresh-water
reservoirs and ecosystems, all of which may be useful
for promoting the conservation of this species."

*Cite:
STANNER, MIcHAEL. "Mammal-like feeding behavior of Varanus salvator and its conservational implications." Biawak 4.4 (2010): 128-131.


A remarkable Feeding Behavior and a new distribution record of Varanus salvator salvator (laurenti, 1768) in eastern sri lanka
Abstract
We describe a unique feeding behavior of Varanus s. salvator observed within lahugala national park, sri lanka. the lizard was observed lashing its tail quickly from side to side while submerged in a shallow waterhole, which displaced water and fishes from the waterhole onto the land. More than 30 fishes were expelled onto the land, of which many were subsequently consumed by the monitor. This observation highlights the significance of isolated waterholes in the dry zone to sustain wildlife populations during the dry season, and represents a new distribution record for V. s. salvator in eastern sri lanka.

*This image is copyright of its original author


*This image is copyright of its original author


Observations on Varanus s. salvator in North Sulawesi
Abstract
Asian Water Monitors (Varanus s. salvator) are widespread on the main island of Sulawesi,
Indonesia, but rather rare in the province of North Sulawesi because of human predation. This study
documents observations on the daily behavior of a small coastal population over a two week period.
Observations of aquatic behavior led to discussion of the possibility that this population is able to catch
live fish in a particular coastal lagoon.

*This image is copyright of its original author

Link to study


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  Piranha
Posted by: Bronco - 12-22-2016, 10:21 AM - Forum: Aquatic Animals and Amphibians - Replies (35)

*This image is copyright of its original author
Huge piranha Serrasalmus manueli
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  Baboons (Papio sp.)
Posted by: Paleosuchus - 12-19-2016, 08:42 AM - Forum: Carnivorous and Omnivores Animals, Excluding Felids - Replies (16)
A thread to post information on the morphology and ecology of all Papio species! I have always been fascinated by the baboons since a young age, recently picking up some studies on their biology


Here is an interesting study from 1972 on the morphometrics of 300+ olive baboon individuals of varying age classes - size segregations in place were decided by tooth eruption. It is very interesting to see the immense variation between adult males and females.


*This image is copyright of its original author


*This image is copyright of its original author


*This image is copyright of its original author
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